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Man has always been a consumer. At other times simply satisfying their natural needs. Now the man has created a series of habits and lifestyles that lead you to eat for the pleasure of eating.

WHAT IS THE CONSUMER SOCIETY?

The concept of consumer society is linked to the capitalist market economy and therefore their views and cultural foundations are governed by the market. People are considered as the mass of consumers who can influence their wishes and needs created by advertising.

Thus establishing consumer society that we know is characterized by:

Being a product of capitalism and service industry is trying to extend their products to everyone. The most important thing for the system is that most people become irrational consumers. Every time there are more goods and cheaper it is necessary to sell to be profitable. Society is overproduction.

middle class sector is the most influential people for the dissemination of values, lifestyles and consumption society.

consumption has resulted in consumerism, ie, beyond hope for a more comfortable life is lived social anxiety by having more and more. Is more valued the good that is not one that we have that as our own.

is talk of welfare society, which guarantees a certain quality of life for most people.

society is the waste , short-lived products, there are a lot of garbage and wastes energy.

The city is a model of coexistence, is the market of consumer society, consumer showcase, synonymous with progress.

Leisure is an increasingly common aspect. It takes time to buy.

Advertising sets the tone of common use for everyone. Continually create new needs and luxuries.

The media stereotypes are generated and spread (on how to talk, think, dress, interact). Constantly encourages people to excel, to climb the social ladder and approach the ruling class and thus enjoy all the benefits offered by the system.

basic consumer unit is the family .

Consumerism driver is an agent of society. The people believed to have free choice, but in reality is tied to fashion, the new and the novelty imposed by the market.

is a reality and the levels that have reached their development is impressive and on the other levels you can achieve in the future is unpredictable.

BAD WHAT STYLE ties of the consumer society?

Critics of the consumer society are not new. For over thirty years René Dumont, spoke of "wasteful society." He believed that society was destroying civilization and the planet and also the lifestyle of the First World must change, not only as a threat to the survival of humanity, but to be deeply unjust and immoral, the condemn most of the peoples of the world to backwardness and poverty. Although at the time his ideas were echoed and went out of fashion, it is curious that his diagnosis was renewed today.

Society Consumer fascinates us under words such as "quality of life," "personal fulfillment", "success" and the like. But in truth are just a showcase to hide another reality, the excessive veneration of his real idol money.

In this society often find tremendous contradiction of the joint existence of those who have access to all types of goods and are never satisfied and those who can not meet their basic needs.

Worst of all is that the process of concentration of wealth is growing steadily as a result of the global economic system imperative, with its devastating effect on the natural ecosystem and most human populations. Has created a tremendous and unbridgeable gap between the possibilities of the developed countries and the poor conditions of poverty and misery that bear much of the world's countries.

To understand the maldistribution of wealth in the world serve the following examples:

The wealth of the 200 richest people in the world reaches a trillion dollars, a figure that exceeds the combined annual income of 3000 million poorest people in the world.

richest countries with 10% of world population collected 60% of global GDP.

30% of the rich raises 90% of global GDP, which means that the remaining 70% of the world's population survives on only 10% of total world GDP.

can not longer maintain the development of the few on the backs of the majority. At the end of the planet Earth is not the private property of any country, let alone any corporation or company. It is the habitat common legacy for all species ... including the human population.

Source: www.isftic.mepsyd.es

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DISPUTE MEDIATOR EL TORO AND THE WORLD FUNERAL - II

Los ritos funerarios que relatamos en el capítulo anterior, no solo eran conocidos y practicados por los egipcios y otros pueblos de África, sino también en la India e Indonesia donde aún se practican.
En esas zonas, era creencia general que el Toro negro era asimilado al mundo inferior y por tanto relacionado con la muerte. Incluso en los países lejanos donde llegó el influjo de la India, que participan de dichas creencias como Java y Bali, se acostumbra a poner los féretros of princes in coffins shaped like a bull for incineration.
behavior and attitudes toward the death of the Mesopotamian peoples are known through myths and epics that have survived. In general did not believe in an afterlife and resigns himself to death as natural. Although the exception is found in the myth of Gilgamesh, not only by the rabid anger after the death of his friend Enkidu, but mainly when it goes in search of immortality, which leads him to meet with the Sumerian Noah, Utnapishtim , who reveals the secret place where a plant grows underwater to free him from death. Although happiness and joy, as always, is very short, because after having found it is taken away by a snake episode striking parallels with the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise, after the temptation of the serpent, who also lost immortality.
In these areas washed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the biblical Garden of Eden, burials were made, usually longer than the royal tombs of later times, in the home of the deceased, whose body was deposited under the floor of the house, along with all their belongings. In Mesopotamia there was no public cemeteries.
The general belief on the corpses unburied, for refusing burial offerings and related family members, became restless spirits wandering disoriented and could cause great evil to the living. (1)

in Bali (the island tourist destination in Indonesia) is currently celebrating rites funeral among the components of the tribe of the Toraja, introduced from India in the eleventh century and currently in use. The ritual itself consists of shrouding the deceased in a white shroud and wrapped in a mat of palm leaves tied tightly. Shoulders of their family is placed in a tomb, richly adorned, which is carried by those closest to him in solemn procession to the place where it should be incinerated. The tumultuous procession carrying the mound, a ceremony which seeks to invite all the villagers, is preceded all the way through the image of a bull richly decorated and adorned, in some cases the ornaments are gold leaf. The aforementioned bull is not nothing but a wooden coffin in the shape of the animal totem and carried by a large number of porters.

Before leaving the court of the town are three laps of the deceased, so that "his soul become disoriented" and can not return to the house where he lived, since it would never reach the sky, is your destiny and their relatives would not live in peace.

Upon arrival at the place of cremation, the back of the bull-open coffin and the corpse is placed inside. The priest proceeds to cut the ties linking the palm mat to release the soul of the deceased and it can reach the sky. Then pour holy water over her remains, collection and deposit the sacred sources inside various meats, along with a lotus flower, which will serve as support in the journey to the heights. Before closing the coffin, the priest introduces a bamboo shoot as a symbol of the resurrection of the soul, then setting fire to the funeral pyre. Once consumed it, the ashes are collected in bowls of coconut and scattered to the wind, facing the sea.

addition to the use of the sarcophagus-bull, in this instance, the caste of Brahmins, Dalits use the winged lion, elephant or fish. (2)

Returning to the Mediterranean basin found other Hittite customs in Turkey, especially in the royal necropolis Höyük ALAC, which was in use from 2,300 to 2,100 BC, where they lay on the graves, as victims ritual banquet funeral, the skulls and feet of bulls slaughtered after being consumed in a ritual feast.

Among the findings in the graves of ALAC, deserve specific mention some figures of animals, mainly bulls, deer, at which time they were very frequent Rythones animal shapes.

In contrast, among the common people's places of worship are in the same houses, where they buried their ancestors and held ritual ceremonies of apparent parallels with the Mesopotamian traditions. (3)

In " Tomb of Lord of the Goats " (1750-1700 BC) of Ebla (now Tell Mardikh, which means "White Rock "), we found a talisman bone collected in one of its faces a sacred meal with a character before an offering table, attended by servants and two totally naked figures.
The other side shows the scene of the worship of a bull by baboons (primates or with a head resembling that of the dog) in front of two naked figures. According to the Ugaritic texts, the Bull would be the figuration of the soul of the deceased and the two characters bare their first children. Çatalhöyük Some tombs are decorated with unique wall paintings, relief figures on the walls, benches, pillars with bull horns and modeled heads.
in Maikop, capital of the Republic of Adygea in the north of the Caucasus mountains, in the Kuban valley (the land of the Cossacks), eastern Black Sea, was found a burial mound of a chief, where the canopy that covered his body was supported by four legs, inserted in the center of the bodies of as many gold bulls m acizos. One of the vessels funerary l is decorated with carvings of bulls in profile. (4)
The presence of the bull in the Egyptian funerary rites and was described extensively in the previous chapter. However, it should be noted the case of the cow goddess Hathor (goddess of love, music, beauty and protector of women giving birth), which met the deceased at the entrance to the underworld.
The name of this goddess were associated with those known as " Seven Hathor "considered as daughters of the goddess and sometimes as" seven fairies "who were those who decided the fate of the deceased after rebirth in the afterlife and those responsible for providing food and drink to the deceased (whose formula is recorded in chapter CXLVIII Book of the Dead). These "seven Hathor " were represented in the tombs in the form of beef and accompanied by a bull, known as "Bull of the West " and "Lord of Eternity " (titles held by Osiris, the god of deceased), and four oars, symbolizing the four cardinal.
A beautiful recreation of the seven cows can view it in the tomb of Queen Nefertari ( By the sun shines, "the most beautiful title owned), the" Great Royal Wife "of Ramses II (1279-1213 BC). Cows in Egypt embodied the concept of fertility, while fertilizing the bull that goes with it is the herald of the gods, symbolizing fertility and d land, power and power seeder. (5)
In Greece cattle, standing or lying down, watched the dream of the dead in the cemeteries of Athens, from classical times onwards. In the Mycenaean tombs were found bones of animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. The slaughter of cattle at funerals seems to have been banned at the time of Solon (640-558 BC) one of the seven sages of Greece and Plato's uncle.

in Cyprus have also found bones of oxen in the tombs found in Politik, showing the relationship of the bull with the deceased.
bulls in Crete had a special religious significance in Minoan era, as evidenced by the fact that kings bury their heads in the company of these animals, whose horns gave a careful gold plating.
In the Greek and Cretan there was a great belief that the body of the dead bulls bred bees, showing the generative power of life of this animal, as the Greek historian tells Antigonus of Karystos (third century BC) " In Egypt, if you bury an ox in certain places, so just leave the land the horns, and then the mountains, they say that bees fly out, as the ox and becomes putrifica bees" .
Ovid relates in Fasti 1, 393, lost Aristeo combs, " Lord of honey, and how to retrieve other swarms following the advice of Proteus consisting in: "... bury the corpse of a dead ox, and that he would get what he wanted, because when the body disappear, emerge from the swarm of bees . (3)

This passage also tells Virgil, Georgics, Book IV [295] 445, how to get bees from the corpse of a two-year bull "... Site narrow your order off is chosen, and closes with a shed roof and four walls close. Four windows to the four winds of them open, with oblique light. A steer is sought in the front curved horns take two years, and, rather than resist, he stitched mouth and nose without letting breath. A shock is killed, the interior bruising under the skin intact. That ground is left in the closed chamber then lying on ramojo thyme and daphne (referring to the laurel, who personified the nymph Daphne) freshly cut ... The humor while the ground is heated in simmering bones and strange swarm of critters is ant explode in vivid, with no legs at first, then winged flight stirs strident. .. "

Later in the same work, Georgics, Book IV, [550] 810, tells of the sacrifice that must Aristeo Orpheus, on the recommendation of Cyrene and Proteus force to remedy their misery, having lost all his property, especially hives, "he Meets maternal order without delay: He comes to the shrine, arranged the altar, takes the four burly bull of the most beautiful appearance and heifers that have not proven yoke. The first ray of dawn ninth gives Orpheus the funeral tribute and returns to the forest. And there, the sudden wonder: in the putrid flesh of bulls buzzing bees, the open sides seem to boil, and a huge cloud to little bursts, as in the whole swirling nearby tree, and branches left hanging in the end cluster splendid. " (10)

Long before the existence of Greece, we find documented the existence of such a belief in the biblical world precisely the period of the Judges of Israel (period covered since the death of Joshua to the emergence of the prophet Samuel), particularly in times of Samson (one of the last judges, XII century BC), whose story appears in the passage in which, after slaughter the lion with his bare hands, a few days later found a swarm of bees in the body of the lion: " Later, down to marry her (with Timna, the Philistines), deviated to see the carcass of the lion, and saw there was a swarm of bees with honey in the carcass of the lion ... "(Judges 14.8). Apparently it seems that the passage does not reflect clear that the body of the lion emerged bees, yet these beliefs are ratified in the puzzle that, later, the Philistines Samson poses during the engagement, " He told them:" From you eat what you eat out , and the strong, sweetness . " (Judges 14:14) (6)
Another curious case in which the bull's death serves as a generator of life, in this case human life, is the following legend: "Hire was a bee keeper. One day Zeus and Hermes came to him asking for his hospitality. This request was granted with a wealth of attention, and the gods to leave, to reward, he was asked to perform some desire, what Hire replied that his greatest dream would be to have a child but could not because they are older. Then the gods told him to kill a bull, wet your skin and bury in the grave of his wife. After nine months, emerged from the earth a wonderful child, Orion, who was regarded as the messenger of spring and summer rains . (3)
Again, as we see, the pair repeated death and resurrection in which transit through the funeral world, comes a new being, new life, with essential involvement of the bull as a generator of life par excellence.
granted to The Etruscan bull mission as guardian of eternal sleep. Proof of this is found in the " Tomb of the Bulls" at Tarquinia, whose entrance is flanked by two bulls paintings seated and a third position ithyphallic that charges against a naked couple (7).
island cultures of the Mediterranean prehistory, buried their dead in the womb-like hypogea. In the living Sardinian (Sardinia) shows numerous cattle prótomos bucráneos and carved on the walls of the entrance of the tombs, dated to between 3,000 and 1,500 BC Anatolian clearly influenced.
The " Mare Nostrum "was the vehicle horn developed the ancient Mediterranean cultures, whose influence permeated our Iberian peninsula through the various invasions that we support. Taurine statuary took a new dimension here, joining art and ideologically, to exist throughout the area.
also flows funerary culture found in our Peninsula a r esonancia and incidence permanent. The cult of Serapis (Egyptian funeral bull) penetrated at least from the s.II BC, extending points as Astorga, Valencia, Gerona (Ampurias) etc. and it is not surprising that presence of the bull in the tragic events also might enjoy a significant presence in the Balearic, where the practice of burial in sarcophagi tauromorfos, as evidenced by the findings of sarcophagi discovered in the shelter of the Punta Avenç (Mallorca), between 500 - 100 BC, showing the view that the sarcophagus would have a significant Tauric belly surround some nameless goddess, a possible link with the Egyptian world. (8)
The many sculptures of bulls found in the Levant area and Andalusia, have been associated with funerary rites. The bulls found in a seated position or in a threatening manner, are related with the deceased and placed above d pillars and plinths, as found in the necropolis of the ravine Coimbra Width (Jumilla, Murcia), in other cases the graves were decorated with bulls lying down, as the case of Osuna ( Seville) or the El Molar (Alicante). (3)
was common practice of sacrifices funeral or Silicernium "which meant the ending banquet in ancient times, lasted nine days and funerals. As expected er the slain victim was the bull.

In line with the presence funeral bull may be associated with some of the boars tauromorfos known, according to the Latin inscriptions carved on the pedestals or on their backs, which contained the name of the deceased. It is also significant to outline the abundance of tombstones, in which alternate, opposite the name and profession of the deceased, astral signs with images of cattle, commonly used from the people Celtiberian until after the Roman conquest. Significant are the known " Stelae " of Clunia, or the Burrutia Atilia, daughter of Viriato warrior at the Museum of Navarra, the province of Soria. (3)
That influence and presence of the bull in the funerary not necessarily end the last two thousand years as it may seem, it comes down to our days in our Peninsula. In this regard, in some places involved in the funeral wearing a number of bread stuck on the horns, which could be rescued by a sum of money, in fierce struggle between those attending the match. This practice was deeply rooted in the Basque Country.
this regard and regional opposition of the clergy was achieved that in 1771, the Council of Castilla dictating a Royal Provision by which this practice was prohibited "indecent ," although, as usual, did not take effect one, since the early twentieth century were still celebrating such rituals. That
physical presence of bulls at funerals as a symbol of support and protection provided to the deceased in the journey that should go in the afterlife, told by Julio Caro Baroja with some variation and it is supposed changed over time "... In the early twentieth century, he says, in some towns of Guipuzcoa, at significant burial was taken as an offering to the parish an ox, which was adorned with black cloth, tassels at the neck and a loaf of four pounds on each horn, and had to be rescued by a fixed sum . "
also in other parts of Spain were performed similar customs, as in the capital of Asturias Pelayo: " in the eighteenth century in Oviedo, in the convent of San Francisco, where he was the cemetery of the Marquises of Valdecarzana, which was the customary practice in Day of the Dead, after making an offering of bread on the high altar, singing a Mass and prayed at the time of the dirge in the crypt, not precede or other external cross the servants introduced a live cow that stood leaning while sang. "(9)
Many more stories are in the historical records of many other societies, like those reported, made lavish ceremonial funeral. Depending the geographical situation of each society, it is obvious that the rituals differ in regard to beliefs, customs or economic availability of the family of the deceased. But in all the common denominator was the importance of the offerings, ensuring all of them offer the deceased, the ritual meal, the animal most economic value could be acquired.
With the account in these two chapters has been attested enough the importance and presence in the "bos primigenium" in the funeral world, as a companion and protector of the deceased, in this uncertain journey to the far return to the afterlife.
Plácido González Hermoso.



REFERENCES 1 .- Henrietta McCall, "Mesopotamian Myths, Ed.Akal
2 .- Canal + Odyssey festival of Agama Tirtha (Bali) 3 .- Cristina Delgado
Linacero" The bull in the Mediterranean "
4 .- Joaquín Córdoba Zoilo, History 16, No. 6, "Tales from the Old World" Champdor
5 .- Albert, "The Egyptian Book of the dead" 6 .- Bible
Nacar-Colunga, BAC
7 .- José María Blázquez, "Image and Myth
8 .-" El Toro and the Mediterranean ", Caja Duero Exhibition, March-May 2001
9 .- Julio Caro Baroja," the summer holiday " 10 .-
Publio Virgilio Maron, Complete Works .- Georgics, Book IV

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consumer society Consumer behavior

The study of the needs of the individual allows a better understanding of the attitudes and behaviors of who the central motif of exchange.

The application of marketing strategies on the individual's desires leads to encouragement to consumption, a demand generation. It is evident that although marketing needs can exacerbate pre-existing, or create desires and provoke a lawsuit

The need is something missing and that the consumer wants more or less intensity. The need runs the full range of appetites, from the genuine distress caused by thirst, even the most frivolous that may be experienced in the desire to indulge minor.

Consumer needs are forming a scale of values \u200b\u200bwith their wants and desires.

There are different approaches that try to determine if the consumer acts in a rational or irrational, if it is influenced by the context or learning occurs by the consumer:

microeconomic approach : is a logical and rational consumer decision-making framework which is based on two variables: price and quantity.

This approach assumes that the consumer follows the principle of profit maximization. The criticisms made in this approach is essentially based on doubts about the general principles of consumer rationality.

behavioral approach: for behavioral observable behavior only provides objective evidence for rigorous psychological research. The consumer class has several teachers, among them are the "communications", the observation and "imitation" of other consumers, personal experiences, etc.

sociological approach, is extremely complex to interpret the behavior of an individual and, moreover, do not consider the social aspects that influence it, their demands and decisions.

Some argue that the consumer is not who manages the buying power to decide whether or not that good. Is the producers who manipulate consumers through the media, especially through advertising. In addition, the production creates new products that in turn determine new needs, ie, products do not meet real needs but are the generators of the same.

What prevails in this position is the capitalist logic that seeks only profit. Modern man is taken to consume irrationally, so that, judged by what you have and not who he is only done through the consumption and therefore any means is valid.

Supporters of these ideas are: John K. Galbraith, Erich Fromm, Vicent Packard, among others.

Others argue that consumers act rationally, so Braidot raises in his book "Total Marketing", there are no irrational customers. In most cases, consumers behave rationally, but with a rationale related to their own realities and their particular decisional schemes. To demonstrate this approach offers an example:

"For a teenager the value of a shoe is in fashion. It is necessary that the shoe is what you use. The price and length are unimportant. For the same teenage years become a mother, fashion becomes a constraint. Do not buy anything out of fashion. But look further and perhaps a priority, longer life, lower price, convenience, among other advantages. The high-fashion shoe is a wise buy for the teen dress as fashion is your main concern, as their other needs for food, shelter, etc., are generally dependent on their parents. "

And there are those who believe that consumption is constantly balancing between the end of affect, which is the realm of desire and irrationality, and the rationality that is oriented to the objective reality, intellectual and conceptual.

some products and some consumers outweigh the emotional and rational to others. The human desire is the engine of consumption.

psychological triggers

The main reasons that allow individuals to make purchasing decisions are:

cultural : This is a factor that must be seen as the place where the individual belongs, their thinking within a particular social group traditions and socioeconomic status.

Status: This factor is one of the strongest influential within psychology of consumers, because by the media is left a mental picture of what the individual should seek as a model of life to follow, therefore, causes the different socioeconomic strata aspire to that way causing life-consumerism.

Affective: The emotional trigger attacks the individual's mental processes so that this provides potential problems it could pose both to their loved ones, and in their expectations. It is considered an excellent handler of the customer to create addiction and consumption of products.

Of necessity, this trigger is based on showing how necessary it is the consumption of a product for everyday life.

Standardization or Overcrowding: this trigger takes hold in the minds of consumers, making note that the product offering is acquired or used by everyone.

Source: http://www.wikilearning.com/

Chabas Foyando Con Amimales

EL TORO AND THE WORLD FUNERAL - I

identification bull with the funerary practice was widespread among Nilotic societies, those of the "Fertile Crescent "means bordering the Mediterranean, India, China and even in the Far East, particularly in the islands of Indonesia, which is still practiced.
In all these societies existed and developed various forms of burial, funeral rites, customs, different in relation to the death, in which the bull's presence was evident in a significant way.
From the beginning, to bring out the feeling and awareness of a possible rebirth after death, the people of the Upper Palaeolithic, or early Neolithic, adopted various forms of burial, burials, preparation and attention to the body of the deceased, funeral rites etc. ., in whose liturgy took an active part of the bull's presence as a protector of the deceased, who was to accompany and protect the uncertain journey to the far back.
evidenced That relationship is found and documented in the archaeological discoveries of bygone burials, where the presence of bull horns as part of funerary equipment, the paintings of bulls or bucráneos carved on the walls of tombs, testify in an unequivocal manner the presence of the bull in the orbit funeral. Entering
descriptive detail our tour of the presence of the bull in the area funeral home to learn about the diversity of different ceremonies and funerals to be dispensed to the deceased, is forced to go back to the beginning of the existence of a company referred to principle. To do this, without going into theological considerations, but rather the purely narrative of sociological fact, we will in some geographical areas, with more or less sake of data, the fact that tauro-funeral takes on a role.
It is no coincidence that our journey in search of different forms of burial, starting with the countries washed by the mighty Nile, where the funerary cults, along with the preparation and mummification of the body of the deceased, reached such elaborate rituals as sumptuous. It is known that since ancient times, Egypt has been considered the land of graves, cemeteries and pyramids, which ultimately are nothing more than monumental tombs. Moreover, if we follow the upper reaches of the Nile we enter between Nubian villages, which houses huge number of burial mounds and pyramids hypogea funeral, unknown to the general public and smaller than the Egyptians but three times more numerous, whose funeral rites similar enjoyed sumptuous and elaborate ritual as the Egyptians.

Egypt was the quintessential country obsessed with death. Among the many funeral rites were performed, the funeral feeling what we find recorded from an early age, where it was believed that the pharaohs, when they die, joined the god Ra, " the Sun", whom the goddess Nut, " Heaven", the personification of the sky, lit up at dawn in a golden calf. From there they came to link and identify that cow goddess of the sarcophagus chamber, so that the deceased was awaiting its renewal and resurrection in the body of his mother.

Geb, the earth god, was the "Toro " of the sky goddess Nut. Sun also became a great wild bull, a cow in the sky and the sun rising in a calf born every morning. In a hymn to the sun, reflected in the texts of the Pyramids, this last image is introduced:

" Highlander adore.
I say: Hail to thee!, Save yourself, your calf ... Emerging
Ocean Sky. "

Your mother Nut speaks and extends his hand to greet :

"have been nursed (by me)" (1)

The continuing concern of the Egyptians for the existence of life after death, evidenced by an inscription on the sarcophagus of the pharaoh Teti (from VI Dynasty, 2323-2291 BC), which fully appreciates the identification of the goddess Nut with coffin, which reads:
"'ve been given your mother Nut on behalf of burial;
Te has enveloped and embraced in his name coffin
have been brought to her, on behalf of grave. "(2)
This belief in the power generator life goddess is revealed in another hymn, the sarcophagus of Pharaoh Pepi I (Sixth Dynasty 2289-2255 BC), which reads: "Pepi Transfigure within you lest he die." (3)

And in another side of the sarcophagus figure:
"... this Pepi introduces you as a star
immortal." (4)

In this revival by the goddess Nut, usually made in the sphere of the sun, although sometimes happened that was made by the stars:
"Oh A (another name of Teti), you are that big star, the Companion of Orion, which crosses the
Orion sky surfing
And Hell with Osiris. Sales
on the eastern side of Heaven,
Renovated in your time, your time rejuvenated.
Nut has borne you with Orion ... "(5)

Although not often transfigured the king went down to Hell, the risk involved, is the bull of heaven to protect it:
"... You go through your transfiguration Abydos in this
that God commands you to do.
You have blazed a trail in Hell, the place
Where is Orion (6).
is well documented that during the V and VI dynasties (2465-2152 BC) were written on texts aspirations the walls of the sarcophagus, even to the XVIII Dynasty (1550-1307 BC), which made paintings of the goddess Nut, who covered the inside of the caskets of royal blood characters.
These pictorial inside the sarcophagus, and significance surrounding the belly of the goddess Nut and the association of the sun as dawn golden calf, also justifies the practice of burial within the skin of a bull or cow, considered as the belly of the goddess, which were held in large parts of Africa and others as discussed below.
The Egyptian belief understood that preparations for the burial were to introduce the body of the dead king into the womb, whose act would follow the birth and rebirth in the afterlife. The oldest Egyptian precedent and prior to Apis and Mnevis or Merur, bulls PTHA related to the gods Osiris or Ra and Ra-Atum, respectively, the expression of "the great slain " which in certain places designated by Toro divine. In the ritual beheading of the divine bull, the head was placed on the holy pillar of the temple of Heliopolis and revitalizing skin served as a vehicle of the deceased wrapped in it. (7)
Another funeral bull meanings found in the Anti assimilation of God (responsible for monitoring navigation of the solar boat), which sometimes represented as a black bull's skin subject to a mast, as support, and supported in a kind of mortar, sometimes as a black bull with a white spot on the forehead or a cowhide . Under the funerary aspect related to the deceased, representing the old cow skins in which the dead were buried, establishing a parallelism between skin Taurica and resurrection of the deceased in the afterlife.
tauromorfas heads also were used to adorn the stern of the boat menfita the god Sokar, god of the dead in the Memphis area, as happened with the boat of Osiris, or decorating the tops of the vessels "Canopic " containing the viscera of the deceased, whose practice has been documented from the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties, is further proof of the assignment of bull funeral world.
Among the many manifestations of this partnership between the bull and the world funeral, documented in the Egyptian world since ancient times, we can not forget about the association of the bull Apis with Osiris (the God funeral par excellence), which is transformed by dying on a funerary god. Under the name of Osiris-Apis or Ser-Apis ruled the world of the dead and the bull itself was being embalmed and buried in special tombs or " Serapeum " along with the usual to use as a bull sarcophagi, which starts from the earliest times, as revealed in a caption Diodorus of Sicily (91-3 BC): "... dead Osiris, the soul went to it and, therefore, continues to this day always moving his successors in their statements, others say that, after the death of Osiris at the hands of Typhon (referring to Seth), Isis after Having gathered the members, put them in an edible timber, putting fine linen around ...".

annual ceremonies to commemorate the divine fratricide, there was a wooden cow that was carried in the procession of Osiris, whose interior is believed that was the mummy of the god. In footnote 379 of the translator Francisco Parreu Alas says: "They are attested sarcophagi shaped cow or a cow painted (the goddess Nut) and there was a wooden cow carried in the procession of Osiris, whose interior is believed that was the mummy of the god ... "(8)

Herodotus gives us also a beautiful story of such burials to describe the daughter of Pharaoh Menkaure (2490-2472 BC, the constructor of the third pyramid at Saqqara in ancient Memphis), within a gilded wooden sarcophagus in the form of cows and that he himself claimed to have seen, "... to Menkaure, he says, was the first misfortune of his daughter who died. Afflicted by misfortune and eager to bury her daughter with extraordinary magnificence, he ordered a wooden cow, empty, brown did, and she buried her dead daughter. This cow was not covered with soil, but is in the city of Sais, placed in a room decorated the royal palace, and next to it burned incense of all kinds throughout the day .... The cow is entirely hidden under a cloak of purple, minus the head and neck displayed gold with a thick layer of gold, and between the horns is an imitation gold solar disk. And the cow is not standing, but kneeling its size is a big cow alive. Every year the cow take to light the room, saying that the young man asked his father died Mikerinos the grace to see the sun once a year . (9)
We can not finish the references Egyptian funeral, not to mention one of the three sources of knowledge of ancient Egypt as the "Book of the Dead ." In this text we find another funeral association and use of the bull in the funeral rites to tell " The opening of the mouth of the deceased " Azuela well with the instrument of Anubis, or by entering at the mouth of a dead man's testicles bull slaughtered in the belief that the deceased reinstating the use of language in the afterlife. After dismembering the victim offered to the dead by their relatives and friends, was deposited with the mummy " the thigh and the heart of a slaughtered animal which concealed the soul of the deceased ." The Book of the Dead was written on gazelle skin and found in the temple of Dendera, whose antiquity dates back to 1500 BC

Osiris is called "Bull of the West " and invoked in almost every sentence, in several passages of the Book of the Dead. In the chapter that tells the formula to install the funeral bed, in recounting the excellence the deceased is said "...¡ are pure, you are pure! The front part (your body) is pure (y) subsequent (also) is pure (has been prepared) with natron, frankincense, fresh water (y) resin, has been purified milk Apis bull ... "(10)
Following the upward course of the Nile, we are curious rituals practiced in Sudan, among the Shilluk, people who live cattle rancher north of Khartoum on the White Nile ".. the king was strangled and buried with a virgin living at his side. When the two bodies rotted, their bones were placed in the skin of a bull. A year later was named the new king and the tomb of his predecessor, the cattle were stabbed to death hundreds . " After the ceremony finished handing the flesh of bulls slaughtered between those present at the ceremony, where the animals were butchered without skinning. (11)
Similarly, in another Sudanese people, the Dinka, dedicated to raising cattle, each village separates their flocks an ox, the strongest, who is engaged epic songs, as among the people of these villages cattle have reached almost religious value to the point that they do not sacrifice unless the occasion of parties and celebrations. The ox is considered selected B EJU sacred town, which will come to offer sacrifices in other animals.
These people performed a curious rite of passage into puberty, " when the boy entered the class of young, by age, the boy's father presents his son with a bull, which receives the same name as the boy. Such is the bond between them spend hours singing and playing with his bull and who will be sacrificed if the boy dies. In her tomb be placed animal horns. " In presenting the ox horns adorn him, so as to resemble the holy town of Ox (12).

To the south, in the area marked by the ruins of the great temple stone of Zimbabwe, Matabeleland, ritual regicide was practiced until 1810. The priests consulted the stars and the sacred oracle every four years, and undoubtedly, the verdict would be death for the king. The custom was that "... king's first wife, who had helped start the first sacred fire of his reign, was strangled with a rope made of bull leg tendon. The bottleneck should take place in a new moon night. On the fourth day the body was placed in a fetal position, wrapped in a cloth so as to excel the thumb and the tips of the nails and then wrapped in fresh skin of a black bull with a white mark on his forehead . "
would have some relationship, or relationship related, this skin with skin Anti representative of the Egyptian god, mentioned above?.

To complete this tour of the Nilotic peoples, we find another curious ritual performed the Bayankole "... when a king dies, his body wrapped in the skin of a cow just died, after washing with milk the real body ... and even make the cattle involved in the duel, separating cows from their calves to that facilities and melancholy lowing launch. "(13)

For the Ga tribe in Ghana, funerals are a time for mourning, but also celebration. The s Ga believe that when a loved one dies passes to another life, and make sure to do it with style. Honor their dead with colorful coffins commemorating the deceased's lifestyle. The coffins are designed to represent aspects of the life of the dead person: a car if it was a driver, a fish for fishermen and a sewing machine for a seamstress. They can also symbolize the vices of the deceased, as a bottle of beer or a cigarette.

The practice of participation of livestock in the actual funeral is represented in many temples and papyri, as well as being attested to their presence in the Pyramid Texts (c. 2350 BC), where the dead king became Osiris and aspiration which reads:
"Heaven Speaks (... in thunder?) earth shaking,
for fear of you, Osiris, when you climb .
far away Oh, dairy cows,
far away Oh, lactating cows, go to him!;
lloradle, praise, sing your song when you ascend plaintive.

He goes to heaven among the gods, his brothers. "(14)

As you have seen, we can not stop at recounting the elaborate funeral ritual or ceremonial too numerous to describe . Know that after death, the deceased was subjected to the operations of the mummification in "Purification Shop", where he received funeral offerings. The funeral itself, beginning with the formation of the party, crossing the Nile, rising to the grave, reading the endless litany by priests and relatives of the deceased, the opening of the mouth of the deceased, farewell to the mummy and funeral food. Not forgetting the obligatory accompaniment of musicians, mourners, their faces covered with mud, bare chest, clothes torn and doleful cattle bellow just described. All this ceremony could reach last up to two months. Therefore, suspend the account to which we return here in the next chapter.

Plácido González Hermoso.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: (1) .- Henri Frankfort, "Kings and Gods" Edit.1988
Alliance (2) .- Henri Frankfort, "Kings and Gods": Text of the Pyramids, 616 df.
(3) .- Henri Frankfort, "Kings and Gods": Pyramids
781 b (4) .- Henri Frankfort, "Kings and Gods": Text of the Pyramids
782 (5) .- Henri Frankfort, "Reyes and Gods "Pyramid Texts
882 (6) .- Henri Frankfort, "Kings and Gods": Text of the Pyramids
883 (7) .- Linacero Cristina Delgado, "El Toro in the Mediterranean"
(8) .- Diodorus Siculus, "Historical Library"
(9) .- Herodotus, " Histories, Book II
(10) .- Albert Champdor .- "The Egyptian Book of the Dead"
(11) Mircea Eliade .- .- "History of the beliefs and religious ideas" Volume IV.
(12) .- Francesc Lluís Cardona, "African Mythology and legends"
(13) .- Henri Frankfort "Kings and Gods, Alianza Editorial
1988 (14) .- 549-50 Pyramid Texts, Henri Frankfort," Reyes and Gods "