In the previous article on "El Toro carrier images, we found the existence of a variety of celebrations and customs on the use of carts pulled by bulls, to carry the images of the gods or body of the deceased, of course, were adopted by different societies in antiquity.
All these customs had their dissemination through social movements, the exodus of populations, cultural trends and so on., Also favored by trade, military conquest, the imperial domination of some peoples over others, nomadic livestock migration etc. Seated
these customs in a given territory and adopted by the peoples living, they were a syncretism with vernacular traditions, through adaptation or accommodation of new arrivals with existing or vice versa.
These syncretistic practices were common in the Christian world over the centuries, as a way to control or eradicate customs, beliefs and pagan rituals and wherever resistance was hopeless proceeded to adapt them to Christian celebrations, staining of religious patina.
Spain was always a place of transit or destination where people walked or pitched and most influential cultures of antiquity, leaving the imprint of their customs, their progress and knowledge, beliefs and so on. we adopt the different taste, then adapted with the help of Christianity, our religious festivals.
In the stories that are set out below, it is difficult to find an analogy, we just have to remember, with some of the cases referred to in the preceding article, within that diversity of religious celebrations.
an event where we can find a parallel with the transfer recalcitrant " Ark of the Covenant, we find in the story which chronicles the relocation of the remains of the hermit saint San Millan de la Cogolla (473-574).
According to legend, back in 1053, namely the 29th of May, when the King of Navarre García Sánchez III of Nájera "(1035-1054), after opened in 1052 the Monastery of Santa María la Real de Nájera (La Rioja), wanted to enhance it by bringing the bodies of several saints of the region. For this purpose it happened that when he tried to take the body of San Millán Najera, the oxen that pulled the carriage with the coffin of the saint, stood in a particular place without wanting to go from there, so that the king, playing the miraculous sign that the saint wished to remain in that place at that site decided to build a monastery and a monastery where the remains custody and surrender him due worship the holy hermit. This monastery was called Suso (top, in old Castilian).
this monastery is located high in the valley of San Millán, Cárdenas across the river where, according to tradition, lived the first Castilian poet Gonzalo de Berceo (1197-1264) and, apparently, were buried the bodies of " Siete Infantes de Lara."
reality, regardless the legend is that the monastery was founded by King García Sánchez I of Navarre (925-970), the 935, which still retains the Mozarabic church.
Later, King Sancho III Garcés of Navarre, nicknamed "the Mayor " (1004-1035), placed in the year 1030, the saint's relics in a silver urn, to that his remains were venerated with the utmost possible magnificence.
The central cave is the heart of the ancient monastery founded Visigoth, apparently, by the saint in the sixth century. There he buried the body of San Millán until the relics were raised by Sancho Garcés III of Navarre and placed in the box above. The cave also served as a chapel to the saint.
The Cenotaph, preserved in the monastery, from the Romanesque period and it appears the recumbent figure of San Millán, dressed in priestly robes and holding a chest portapaz (sheet metal, wood or ivory, carved with an image or signs in relief, kissing in the peace ceremony of the Masses). In all four sides and corners of the cenotaph shows some miracles of the saint.
Another example of the refusal of bulls to transport the remains of a religious figure, is found in Bande orensano people, particularly in the municipality of Santa Comba, confined in the region of Baixa Limia, next to the reservoir " das Conchas, where there is a small church or chapel Visigothic VII century, dedicated to San Torcuato, a Greek saint who was ordained bishop by St. Peter during his stay in Rome.
This holy man exercised his apostolate in Toulouse, France, and later in Guadix, Granada, where he was its first bishop. In this Andalusian city was tortured and stabbed to death, under Emperor Domitian (51-96 AD), where his remains stayed until the Muslim invasion, after which it was decided move his relics to a safer place and then before the Muslim advance, were taken to Bande and deposited in a sarcophagus in the church of Santa Comba.
When San Rosendo (907-977), bishop of Mondoñedo, founded the monastery of Celanova, tried to take the remains of San Torcuato, heart, skull and forearm, the only thing that contained the sarcophagus, in a chariot drawn by two oxen to the monastery, the oxen refused to start, so the coffin was lowered and placed back into the church.
face of such negative bulls man's ingenuity, or rogue rather, he argued for a solution " Solomonic" and chose to carry the rest by hand to the monastery, where lie since. In the cathedral are preserved Guiadix " Holy Arm", " Jaw" and "Heel " (a bone at the heel). His feast day is May 15. 
may not have any link with the Babylonian New Year celebrations, where the local gods came and walked in Babylon riding bulls, but we must agree on the existence of underlying homology with celebrations of old, many of the pilgrimages of our peoples, in which the images of virgins or saints are carried in carts pulled by oxen.
One example of transport of images found in the village of A CANIZA Pontevedra, where the image of Our Lady of A Franqueira, known as "da Fonte Virxe ", whose image is believed to be of Roman- Gothic or dated before the ninth century, "the day of his feast, to be held from 7 to 9 September, is paraded on a cart pulled by oxen during the solemn procession.
According to legend, when image appeared miraculously in a cave (an area nominated as "O Coto da vella "), pastors of both parishes, near the site, tried to take the image to their respective parish. After much discussion on the subject, reached a kind of solution Solomonic "and determined that the image will go up to a cart pulled by oxen, whose animals lead blindfolded so they could not see anything, thereby leaving to move towards one or another parish, without any management people.
instinct or decision of the animals themselves would be respected until it will stand on its own will, In their place would be the image of the Virgin to worship and veneration.
Also in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid, celebrated the festival of Our Lady of Grace on the second Sunday of September, beginning with the recitation of " Rosario de la aurora" from the shrine of the Virgin to the chapel, located in the park of the Blacksmith, where acts of the day pass. At dusk the procession with the statue of Our Lady of Grace carried in a chariot, richly decorated, pulled by a pair of oxen.
instinct or decision of the animals themselves would be respected until it will stand on its own will, In their place would be the image of the Virgin to worship and veneration.
The chapel of La Merced, located in the heart of the neighborhood of the Grand Master, is the starting point for the thousands of neighbors, from 9 in the morning, accompanying the small image of the Virgin around by Montilla fields.
Before entering the paths that lead to the Huerta Bellido, pilgrims make a wreath at the tile of the Virgen del Pilar, who presides over the entrance to the barracks of the Guardia Civil. After the solemn ceremony, the procession goes by way of La Zarza to the site of Cañalerma, escorted by an impressive procession of horsemen, Amazons, wagons, carriages and coaches, the thousands of Montilla participating in the pilgrimage. They share food, drink, dance, sing and evening, the pilgrims make their way back to Montilla around 19.30, when the sun begins to decline in the Campiña. 
In Nerja, the easternmost town in the region of Axarquia Malaga, celebrate San Isidro Labrador, patron saint of farmers, 14 and May 15, with a Mass in the church rociera El Salvador, cited in clubs, associations dance, devout, church members and friends. The pilgrimage, in itself, it starts from the Balcony of Europe, where the saint, standing on a cart pulled by oxen, is taken to the Chapel of the Holy.
In Jerez de la Frontera, Cadiz, is venerated image of Our Lady of Consolation, co-patroness of the city. According to tradition, the image appeared on the sea in a boat abandoned during a major storm, being collected by Captain Domingo Adorno, who I improvised an altar in his boat.
In dreams, the image itself was asked to take her to the convent of the Dominicans, founded by Alfonso X in the thirteenth century (1266), there to receive worship as the patron of the Afflicted and Mariners.
After landing the image, it was placed in a cart pulled by two oxen that went to the city, there to receive the worship of all Jerez. His feast is celebrated on 24 September.
The most known in Spain carrying religious symbols, in carts pulled by oxen, is the famous pilgrimage of the Virgin of El Rocío. This holiday is celebrated on Pentecost Sunday, between 15 May and 15 June to be a moveable feast, the celebration takes place July Sunday after Easter Sunday.
The celebration dates back to the seventeenth century, but other legends suggest it was from the date on which the image was found by a hunter, Gregorio Medina, Villamanrique de la Condesa, in the fifteenth century.
The pilgrimage is a pilgrimage to the shrine of the Virgen del Rocio, also claimed the titles of " Paloma Blanca" or "Divina Pastora " said temple is built in the village of El Rocio next to the marshes of the Guadalquivir river in the town of Almonte (Huelva).
She fraternities come from mainly from Andalusia, although there are those who come from different parts of Spain and the world. The various guilds rocieras, more than hundred, out on different dates to coincide with the village of El Rocío at noon on Saturday, the eve of Pentecost.
The most characteristic and identification of the Guilds is a cart pulled by a pair of oxen, richly ornamented in gold plated, which carries within it the " Simpecado "a banner with the image of the Virgin, richly embossed with gold embroidery and beading.
Most typically make the journey on horseback, by wagon or on foot through the swamps, sleeping in the open field. Upon reaching Almonte camping in hopes of other fraternities and parade on Saturday to present the " Simpecado " to " Patron of the marshes." Sunday night no one sleeps, waiting to enter the temple and perform in the morning, "jumping the fence", when the Almonte jump the fence and walk to his patron by Aldea del Rocío throughout the Monday of Pentecost, inflamed shoulders of pilgrims.
A curious case on religious iconography in stone, is found in the Romanesque church of San Gil, the town of Luna Zaragoza, framed in the region of the Cinco Villas, near Egea de los Caballeros, where a capital of exceptional beauty and expressiveness.
Its iconography shows, on one side of the capital, the evangelists Luke and Matthew in tetramorph version, along with an angel that remains between the two showing the gospel. In this book there is an inscription with the word "MARCHVS ."
In other side, the same capital, appears the bull with her paw holding the Cross of the resurrection, showing some similarity with the usual Agnus Dei, and that the position of the bull appears in a triumphal attitude. This representation is a clear allusion to one of those texts or iconographic preaching the gospel in stone, whose teaching had a great stay in the medieval period.
In one of the white villages of Malaga in the mountains of Ronda, Gaucin, the last Sunday of August is the Pilgrimage to the Adelfilla, which neighbors accompany the Holy Child from the Village Church to the shrine of the Adelfilla, which commemorates the meeting of the Holy Child with John cities (San Juan de Dios).
El Santo Niño carried on their shoulders from the church to the edge of town, where he climbs into a cart pulled by oxen and lavishly decorated for the occasion. On the way, singing and drinking until you reach the chapel, where Mass is celebrated in his honor.
remains the Holy Child in the chapel until the day of September 7, the day that after the novena, the second pilgrimage is made to restore the image from the shrine to his permanent home, the Church San Sebastian de Gaucin, where the next day, September 8, the day of the fiesta, end these with the celebration of Holy Mass and solemn procession of images of the Holy Child and St. John of God through the streets of the town.
According to tradition, was in August 1536 when a Portuguese saint, Juan Citadel, from Gibraltar, where he exercised his priestly ministry, he found a barefoot boy, and without hesitation he took off his sandals and put them on the child, but when they are too large for a child as small shoulder led him to a nearby source, called the Adelfilla where their thirst. It was then when he suddenly appeared as a bright child with a grenade crowned by a cross and said, " Juan de Dios, Granada be your cross."
Over time, after founding a hospital in Granada made the project, long awaited by the saint, to donate to the village of Gaucin an image of the Divine Child. This grant was completed on September 7, 1540 when the saint, evading the vigilance of the guard of the castle, placed a beautiful image in the current chapel.
During the stay of the French troops in the village of Gaucin, in July 1810, the chapel was plundered and the primitive image of the Child was thrown over the walls of the castle.
After the departure of the French appeared the image of Santo Niño, and the locals celebrated solemn acts of thanksgiving. 
The September 8, 1936, during the religious persecution of the Communist hordes, the shrine was looted and burned the original image.
The September 8, 1936, during the religious persecution of the Communist hordes, the shrine was looted and burned the original image.
Aprutino In Loreto, a town located in the province of Pescara, in Abruzzo, Italy, is a festival in honor of San Zopito the day of Pentecost and the next two days, with a solemn Mass and procession.
The procession is an ox trained and adorned with a child riding on their backs, dressed all in white with gold embroidery, with a red carnation in his mouth and a crown of flowers, resembling the figure of an angel track-it is said, of an ancient cult.
At various points in the city during the procession with the relics of the saint, the Ox makes several genuflecting before them and, above all, to the door of the Church of the Holy. It is this angel, according to tradition, which causes the bull to his knees before the holy relics. Legend has it that this ritual dates back to 1711, when the relics of San Zopito were transported from the catacombs of San Callisto in Rome, Loreto Aprutino. A farmer, Carlo Parlione, who worked in the field, ignored the procession and kept working.
However, one of his oxen recognized the power of relics and pull the plow stopped kneeling to step of the procession, thus recognizing the sanctity of their relics. Later, when the procession reached the village, a farmer's family soon recovered from a serious and long illness.
As we said at the beginning, the cultural currents always traveled as an inseparable part of human movement, whose members carried the imprint of their customs, their beliefs and lifestyles wherever they went.
When in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth beginning the first shipments of " Cross and the Sword " of our conquerors in America as well as the customs of its components were also accompanied by their beliefs and that legion of missionaries who were responsible for planting, not only Fe, but the rites and ceremonies connected with their religion, as seed managed to take hold in those lands overseas.
In many countries of English America those customs rooted in colonial times, whose ceremonies can be seen in countless towns in the various anniversaries that are celebrated.
One of those countries where the seed grew religious, by their relative terms, is Costa Rica, which hosts and celebrated with sumptuous and popular participation, to San Jose and San Isidro Labrador.
In San Jose, the capital of Costa Rica, is celebrated on the day of its patron saint, the famous "Parade of Cattle " that fill the city of color and tradition and is followed by thousands of josefinos and " ticos "informal adjective of Costa Ricans.
No less than 300 herders from different parts of the country, with its yoke of oxen and carts, lavishly painted figures and colorful parade through the main streets of the capital, which involved the image of San José rise in the cart awarded a herdsman.
During the morning and early afternoon, is a traditional input Santos and Cattle Parade, organized by the Municipality of San Jose and the Bernese Foundation of Costa Rica, which is responsible to appoint, annually, the cart of herdsman who must bear the image of the saint.
This traditional celebration involves a huge sample of Cattle, oxen good " chanaba " (decorated) and colorful carts from all over the country.
this commemoration is also repeated in almost all the people of Costa Rica that have the name of "San Isidro ", Where common celebration of this holy day, with the participation of many of Cattle with their colorful wagons and one of them bears the image of San Isidro Labrador; celebration that matches the number of participants, color and richness to the meeting in the capital. This traditional celebration attended by people from different districts and counties in the country.
As we have seen, these celebrations of Christian rites are adapted by civil society for its popular celebrations by producing a desecration of the rite in order to fully secularize, but does not lose its roots of origin, clearly visible in each of the stages of the party.
As an example of this suitability of the service of popular secular state, we will cite only one case as an archetype of the various celebrations that will officiate in much of English America, where a cart pulled by oxen transported by Usually a female figure raised to the rank of queen of the party, as a remembrance secular divinity. 
That party to which we refer, by way of example, the National Marjoram Festival held in Panama, specifically in the village of Guararé, province of Los Santos. The various events take place between 21 and 26 September coinciding with the feast of Our Lady of Mercy, patron saint of the city and the inmates, so has the image in his left hand, open handcuffs as a symbol of liberation.
This important festival is held to commemorate the first proclamation of independence in 1821, and participating in the parade countless carts a couple of oxen, richly decorated, representing various districts of the province of Los Santos . Each of the carts is accompanied by its own "tuna , formed by several dozen participants who sing several popular folk songs Panamanian musicians with who play the popular " Marjoram, a popular instrument, something smaller and rustic English guitar, typical folklore of Panama. 
the end of the parade, which attracts around 100,000 people and more than fifty wagons, award a prize for best decorated cart participant, although, as usual, the most colorful is the Queen of party, which of course does not participate in the contest.
the end of the parade, which attracts around 100,000 people and more than fifty wagons, award a prize for best decorated cart participant, although, as usual, the most colorful is the Queen of party, which of course does not participate in the contest. The list of celebrations with the participation of bullock carts, both religious and secular, would be endless, so with the examples given are sufficient to determine the presence of bull in such commemorations.
Plácido González Hermoso. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 .- Julio Caro Baroja, "Rites and Myths misunderstandings"
2 .- Julio Caro Baroja, "The summer holiday"
3 .- LA Smith "Guide festivals in Spain "
4 .- Information from various municipalities managed by the author
