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SKIN AND POLES OF BLOOD

To complete the trilogy on the use of physical parts of the bull throughout history-on the flesh and blood of this animal as discussed in previous chapters, can serve as a closure, the use and the use made of the skin and antlers of the bull.
As in the preceding chapters, the stories referred to, the data provided, reviewed rituals, customs narrated represent only a fraction of the documentary that history has bequeathed us about it, besides all that vicissitudes of history and the mists of time took no trace.
Similar to the treatment of flesh and blood, skin and horns of the bull was given plenty of uses of all types ranging from money issues, burial or military, maritime applications, warriors, clothing , household, etc., all due to the strength and quality of the skin, and was thus preferred material feedstock and desired today.
say that the first use that primitive man gave the bull's skin was like a dress to cover her and protect themselves from severe cold he endured in those from remote glacial Paleolithic, is so obvious that does not require Pronatura. Later with the passage of time spent in the light of ethnology, the use of pure physical need modest and lavish use or sexual complaint. But it already belongs to another discipline.

The use of fur in antiquity, and the bull in particular, is found and witnessed in the cave paintings of our peninsula, as a camouflage to better approach the animals to hunt and to collect the piece more easily and with less risk.
also ritual dances practiced by primitive man, were associated with fertility rites and certain religious practices. In each group of Neolithic tribal, wizards were decorated, in rituals practiced with a hollow head and a wild bull bull skin including the tail, and is likely to be those who made the paintings, since they are supposed associated with ritual magic.
the beginning of Genesis relates the passage in which God before Adam and Eve expelled from paradise, " made them tunics of skins and clothed (Gén.3, 21). The Bible does not mention the type of skin used to it, but it would be too risky to assume that the bull was, given that this animal was the favorite sacrificial victim to the Lord.
Although many of the sacrifices the victim's skin, including the bull, was burned outside the sacred enclosure, according to the different rituals, it is also true that the Mosaic law provided that " The priest shall offer a burnt skin of the victim who has offered ..."( Lev. 7.8)
No doubt the divinity is always reserved the best offerings. The sacred objects were made with the finest materials, as was the case for the construction of the temples sacred drum, whose sound was gathered with the faithful to the liturgy, which was made from the skin of a bull, whose instrument was dedicated to the god Sumerian En-lil or the Babylonian Marduk. In the general belief that the drum was said reproduced the bellowing voice of God and the sound produced by this instrument was known as "bull music."
Before the sacrifice of the bull, to use your skin in the preparation of the sacred drum, the priest pronounced a chant in the bull's ear, as a friendly greeting:
" Great Bull, sublime, pure grass you walk on ,
that litter the countryside and you've plenty,
to cultivate grains and to fill the fields ...".( 1)
The trade of tanner was a common and necessary profession in all societies of antiquity, however, the first and only date found in the Bible is already in later times, particularly in the Acts of the Apostles, in recounting the episode in which Peter is raised in Joppa to "... a disciple named Tabitha, meaning Gazelle (Hch.9, 36), and completed the miraculous event: "... Peter stayed many days in Joppa stay at the house of Simon the Tanner (Hch.9, 43)," ... whose house is by the sea (Hch.10, 6). The port of Joppa, near what is now Tel Aviv, the wood came from Lebanon to build the Temple of Jerusalem in the days of Solomon. Today is normally the name Unified Tel-Aviv-Jaffa. Precisely
skin of a bull spread was the original form used in the fab ricación those ingots of gold, about 8.5 grams or copper or bronze, of 25-30 kg ( later known as " Cypriot ingots), which were in circulation since the eighteenth century BC to the emergence of the coin in the seventh century BC and were the first known coins that circulated throughout the Mediterranean, where he began to call them talents .
In Homer's time, talent of gold was equivalent to an ox, and there are two systems of value, the exchange of cattle and talent of gold.
The first bars were considered as a symbol of wealth and social status and were delivered as a reward or gift from the powerful and demanded as taxes, tribute or booty of war. The skin itself was claimed as a tax issue to the subject peoples, as cited by the historian Diodorus Siculus (late first century BC), who asserts that the people of Numancia and Termancia (the current population of Liceras Montejo, Soria) were taxed at Pompey ( 106-48 BC), 3,000 ox hides, among other products.
geographer Strabo (58 BC - 25 AD) in addition to comparing the Iberian peninsula with an extended bull hide, we are aware of the burgeoning fur trade that kept the inhabitants of the Cantabrian and return Duero salt, pottery and bronze objects at the beginning of our era.
The price of fur, like any other product in the business, was a matter governed by different legal regulations in different countries in ancient times, as with the laws Hittites (ca. 1300 BC), which in its Art # 185 stated: " price: an vineyards IKU is 1 silver mine - leather a well-raised beef is a shekel of silver (8-10 oz.). - 5 suckling cattle hides is 1 shekel of silver - 10 goat leather silver mine is 1 - 10 young sheep skins is 1 shekel of silver - 4 goatskin is 1 shekel of silver - 15 is sheared goat fur 1 shekel Silver - 20 sheepskins is 1 shekel of silver - 20 fur kid is 1 shekel of silver. Whoever buys the meat of 2 well-bred oxen pay a sheep. "
Among the many bronze ingots have come down to us, it is worth noting the Serra from Llixi (Nugarus, Sardinia Nuoro), dating to the s. XI-X BC (fig.)
could also include a push-shaped skin of a bull spread, the famous treasure of " The Carambolo " found in Seville, considered by some as "a treasure worth of Argantonio "(The first Iberian king Tartessos to 550 BC). The same has been classified between VIII and III centuries BC and is believed that these decorations were carried by one person, maybe a man in a sumptuous ritual, or perhaps belonged to a statue ritual regalia, possibly a bull.
note is the recent finding of an Iberian shrine of the fifth century BC, found in Lorca (Murcia), with a "Cyprus-ingot bull hide " reminiscent Punic, similar to those found in Andalusia and Extremadura.
With the arrival of the coins minted under the reign of Croesus (560-546 BC), the currency took a big boom to the various releases of coins minted. His first staters (14 grams) showed the image represented two opposing heads of lion and bull.
Another way of using the skin of a bull was in the making of parchment, but most were made of goat or sheep skin. In Rome scrolls skins of sheep or goat, cut into rectangles that were sewn together to form a roll, similar to those used by the Egyptians, even the finest leather were golde @ and were intended to deluxe editions and were in use from s. Precisely
BC luxury had to be the first book of the Avesta (the sacred book of the Vedas of Persia), attributed to Zarathustra (700-630 BC), which were written in "twelve thousand skins bull" and was Alexander the Great, in 331 a. C., who ordered the burning, when reduced to ashes the city of Persepolis. This "bible " of Zoroastrianism was reconstructed from memory to the s. III or IV AD
In Mesopotamia used for river transport rafts of wood and canes arranged on a bullock skins swollen skin or using a wooden boat rounded and covered with skin of this animal.

interesting was the trick used by the troops of Alexander crossed the Tigris and Euphrates skin mounted on beef s Hinch townhouse air. Also used full skin skins air for fishing and diving, breathing air at intervals within, thereby achieving longer dives and increase fish catch. Also in Spain primitive stitched leather used boats, sailing the northern and Lusitano, according to the account of Strabo.
The skin of the bull was used for the manufacture of bottles for liquid storage, which were used by Egyptians, Hebrews, Mesopotamians, Greeks, Romans, and until recently, in our peninsula, to transport wine.
was curious about the use of skins, recounted by Homer in the Odyssey, which were given to Odysseus by King of Eolia (Eolo hypothesis) when he left the floating island of Eolia, " Diome then enclosed in the hide of an ox was nine years before being skinned, the murmurs of the roaring winds, as the son of Kronos Tell them they made referee, with power to quiet and excite the I wanted. And those skins tied in the hollow ship with shining silver thread, so it does not come out even the slightest blow, sending me to a zephyr, blowing, and we take our craft them. "
Diodorus of Sicily (known as Diodorus Siculus, 90-5 BC) relates a curious ploy used by the Assyrian Queen Semiramis in his campaign against India (apparently this is a story fictitious, as the character). When he saw the number of elephants that had was inferior to those of India, devised make shapes of these animals with the skin of three hundred thousand black oxen, which later filled with grass.
The bull's hide shields were also commonly used by ancient armies. Were covered with fur and veal, as seen in those carrying a group of wooden soldiers, recovered from an Egyptian tomb of the XII Dynasty (1991-1783 BC) or those c ontemplan in a cool Thera , Santorini, Greece (500 BC). Again
Homer describes the shield used by the Achaeans, lined with several layers of cowhide or ox, as the leader of Ajax that was made with seven layers. Also the Greco-Roman breastplates were of the same material were placed on them by way of protection plates bronze or iron. Like Mesopotamians also used the skin on their helmets, shields and saddles.
The leather crafts in Egypt dates back to the Old Kingdom, which were used in making sandals, porta-manuscripts, helmets, shields and leather quivers, saddles, bridles, reins, etc., Generally were in common use among all peoples of antiquity. All these objects were embossed with a profusion and stylish designs, to the point that had wide fame among neighboring countries. We must not forget either the Egyptian beds oxhide, whose mattresses are made with woven leather straps and in particular those of folding beds, like those found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, discovered by Howard Carter, who found at the bottom of a chest from the tomb two pairs of sandals s leather and a couple of those found, was decorated with gold
leather sandals were already known in the early days of ancient Egypt. In the Archaic Kingdom tombs were found " models" of sandals being the Pharaohs who wore sandals most sumptuous, with the tip toward the upper enhanced and they represented artistically captured enemies on the bottom, so the king magically trampled or crushed every time I took a step. Among the objects
Ramses II (1301-1231 BC) provided his people are told the following: "To you I tanks filled with all sorts of things: bread, meat, cakes, sandals, clothing, ointments abundant so that you can rub his head every 10 days and match all year, and at all times good fit dispongáis do. "

In general, the Egyptians almost always walked barefoot, we had sandals in the hands or hanging from a stick and just put them on when they arrived at their destination. Narmer Pharaoh himself (3050 BC aprx.) Walked barefoot escorted by his servants, one of whom held the position of " carrier Pharaoh sandals." which carries the shoes tied to his left wrist and a pitcher or jug \u200b\u200bin his right hand. Precisely
Pharaoh had its own tannery workshops, as reflected in an inscription from a coffin found in the necropolis of Giza and belonging to an officer named Uta: " The head of the royal sandals tanneries, which are devoted to all matters related to sandals King, to the satisfaction of his master, Uta. The director of the harness-maker of boxes of records of the king, a keeper of the secrets that did things according to the wishes of his master in the work of the saddlers, Uta. " Another
uses which the Egyptians gave to the skin of the bull was to celebrate the ritual called " passage through the skin" who did the pharaohs and priests to rejuvenate. This ritual was known as " Heb Sed," or the rejuvenation of power, which previously came from a personal servant to wash the feet of Pharaoh before putting the sandals rituals.
The poet Hesiod (c. s.VIII BC), in "Works and day," recommends a type of leather for making shoes, "... around tight shoes fit your feet ox died violently ...". It seems quite understandable that statement of Hesiod that the violent death of an animal of strength to the skin.
Again we find in the Bible alluding to curious facts about sandals. In the "levirate law ", which stated that if a man dies childless, his brother must cohabit with his sister and the child will be born the son of his dead brother. But if he refuses to comply with the law: "... his sister will come to him, in the presence of elders, take off a foot sandal and spit in the face ... and your house will be called in Israel the home of Sinsandalias. "(Dt.25: 10)
is interesting to see how the deals were made in Israel at the time of the Moabite Ruth (twelfth century BC, Ruth means" companion "), which was the great-grandmother of King David: " was the custom in Israel, in case of purchase or exchange, to validate the contract, taking off his sandal and give one another. This test served Israel. "(Rut. 4.7)
Another way to use skins were the historical funeral among Nilotic peoples. Before the advent of the Egyptian bull Apis, the ritual beheading of the divine bull, the skin was used as a vehicle for revitalization of the deceased wrapped in it. Anti precisely to God (in charge of monitoring the solar boat navigation), was represented as a black bull's skin subject to a mast or a cowhide. Under the funerary aspect related to the deceased is the old cow skins in which the dead were buried, establishing a symbolic parallel between the skin Taurica and resurrection of the deceased in the afterlife.
Also among the Shilluk (tribe of Sudan) after the act of regicide sacrum King buried a virgin living with his side and when the two bodies rotted, their bones were placed on the skin of a bull. Similar ritual practiced in Zimbabwe, where the first wife of King should strangle with the tendon of the leg of a bull, the body was wrapped in fresh skin of a black bull with a white mark on his forehead.
Many more examples could be cited, too numerous to recount, since the use of the skin of cattle for various uses is as wide as human ingenuity.
As with the skin, using the horns of the bull for the manufacture of many objects have similar age as that.
Among the uses of the bull horn, it is clear that he was given in the biblical world, using it as OINTMENT ritual and served to contain the holy oils to anoint with, among others, the kings of the early dynasties Israel. The biblical text itself we realize, in countless passages, the use of horns adorning the altars of Israel, which besides being yoked with the blood of sacrificial victims, had the power to protect people that they are received, as happened to Adonijah, son of King David and Solomon's brother, who, after having proclaimed king without the consent of his father, sick and elderly I ordered it unciese as king of Israel and Judah to Solomon, fearing that his brother was eliminated, took refuge in the temple: "... Adonijah feared because of Solomon, got up and went to the tabernacle of the Lord to cling to the horns of altar. " This fact was communicated to Solomon: "... Adonijah feareth king Solomon and gone to grab the horns of the altar, saying, Let King Solomon swear to me today that he will not die by the sword to his servant ." (1 Kings 1, 50-52)
primitive traditions in all the horns involve ideas of strength and power. With them were decorated prehistoric fur headdresses and the helmets of war to the Middle Ages. The horns came into decorative and ornamental composition of Asian temples and along with bucráneos (because it remains sacrificial), were considered sacred value. Precisely at the junction of the first body with the second tower of the Cathedral of Murcia, there are four b ucráneos per side, 16 in total, as decorative elements reminiscent sacrificial.
As an element of ornamentation are also widely known representations corneas at the top of palaces and temples, as stated in the Cretan palace of Knossos temple, where the presence of a large "horns of consecration "Demonstrated a clear religious significance.

same is happening in Coptic (Egypt), in the Pharaonic era, where the temple dedicated to the Egyptian fertility god Min, was surmounted by a pair of huge antlers taur ins, in clear reference to the association of God with the bull. Bull on this relationship with the gods see the article "Bulls mythological II" on this blog.
In the Gilgamesh Epic gives us a curious account in which the hero, after killing the Celestial Bull, brought together artisans from Uruk to admire the bull's horns and then decorate them. "... Artisans measured the thickness of the two horns: their mass, each of thirty lapis lazuli mines (about 15 kg each horn), the width of the lining was the thickness of two fingers and six oil guru content them (about 1500 liters), Gilgamesch offered the two horns to his god, Lugalbanda, as vessels of anointing took them and hung in his chamber princely. " Known
tiaras were also the Babylonian, which were fringed with several pairs of horns, symbolizing the divine nature and which crowned the real heads and winged bulls known to Syrians.

The Celts used represent the three-horned bulls fitted, in the belief that increased and the symbolism of the horn, denoting aggressiveness and fertility, through the sacred power of number three.
Another magical significance of antlers we are told in the dream of the geese and the hawk of Penelope in the Odyssey, which saw their dreams dream dreams that came through the door of ivory were misleading, while those from constructed gate " polished horn, announcing things that really be verified." The same text
great epic tells us where they rob and kill the companions of Odysseus, devouring the monster Scylla, after "throwing the Ponto the horn of an ox." Another curious use
was the Romans who gave the horn that he was employed as a medical tool to feed the sick, using a funnel.
In the theater or ritual, it was common to use masks with prominent horns, like the use of rhytons shaped heads of bulls, as the well-known Cretan rhytons or head of a bull with golden horns Villajoyosa, Alicante etc. Representations of divinities carrying slender antlers were frequent in the Egyptian world, such as Hathor, Isis, or the same Ptah. In the Greek world god Dionysus and the Roman Mars presented them in this manner.
The musical use of the bull horn was widespread in Mesopotamia music and other peoples around the Mediterranean. In a fresco from the palace of Mari, is a man who wields a horn as a musical instrument, which dates from the eighteenth century BC, to name a few.
Roman armies known musicians available cornicines bucinatores and whose instruments were made from horns of oxen or buffaloes, some of which were adorned with silver in their mouths.
Many armies of antiquity and not just Vikings used the horns on the helmets of the warriors, which gave them a more aggressive air. Even many warriors would flags crowned with prominent antlers.
Domestic uses given to the cow's horn have been numerous and range from the pastoral oilers, the horns and whetstone holders for different uses, the making of combs and combs, and countless objects of adornment, as its ductility makes it easy to any process.

Plácido González Hermoso


REFERENCES 1 .- Federico Lara Peinado, "Sumerian Hymns." 2 .-
Linacero Cristina Delgado, "El Toro in the Mediterranean." 3 .-
Diodorus Siculus, "Biblioteca historica" \u200b\u200b
4 .- Strabo, "Geography."
5 .- Homer's "Odyssey." 6 .- F.
LL. Cardona, "African Myths and Legends."
7 .- Federico Lara Peinado, "Gilgamesh."

White Spots Bad Breath

TORO TORO TORO MEAT

If the data might seem curious that I brought to speak of the flesh of the bull, its use and consumption, beliefs about the reproductive powers of the same etc., No less interesting are also the beliefs in the powers harmful sanitizers were attributed to the blood of animals in general and to the bull in particular, whether it was ingested by humans.

is no doubt that blood played an important role in the sacrificial rites of any class of victims. This vital fluid represented the very life and was banned for use by biblical mandate: "... because the life of all flesh is the blood in the blood is life. So I have commanded the children of Israel: Do not eat the blood of any flesh, for the life of all flesh is the blood, who eats be deleted. "(1), while introducing, in the covenant that God made with Noah, bleed the meat before eating: "Only you abstendréis of eat flesh with its soul, that is, their blood ..."( 2), therefore, anyone who ate the flesh without bleeding was guilty of a series of punishments and calamities, which would be sent by the deity.

Despite biblical threats and evils that could lead to ingestion, the use of bull's blood was surrounded by so many meanings and beliefs as we shall see.

Plato describes in the " The Kritias " how to use the blood of the bull by the kings of Atlantis, when they sacrificed to the sea god Poseidon who, incidentally, is always sacrificed black bulls. With the blood of the bull sprinkled among them, as a ritual cleansing and she was impregnated with a column of oricalco placed in the center of the temple of Pseidón-the-Heraklion, where laws were written Atlantis "... After finishing the sacrifice and devote all parts of the bull, a crater filled with blood and sprayed one by one with a few drops of it .. Then, drawing some blood of the crater with cups of gold ... drank the blood and deposited the cup as a votive offering at the shrine of the god . "(3)

One of the ten kings of Atlantis, called Anthia, it seems that lived in Zamora, where he found a statue of" Tamer bulls, invoking degree with Poseidon. (4)
taurobolium In the rite or sacrifice of the bull, the blood was the essential element in the initiation rites dedicated to the mysteries of Attis, Cybele (the fertile land and mistress of the beasts) and the Iranian god Mitra . In both cases included the baptism of the initiated, or the priest with the blood of a freshly slaughtered bull.

The cult of Cybele was introduced into Rome about 204 BC, in times of general Publius Cornelius Scipio "Africanus (236-183 BC), when in their struggle against Hannibal, the end of the Punic Wars, consulted Sibylline books (It was a mythical and prophetic books of ancient Rome) and they predicted that Hannibal would be rejected by Italy, brought about the cult of Cybele to Rome. (5) was introduced in Spain
its cult of the hand of the Emperor Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian, 63 BC 14 AD), who felt a special reverence for Cibeles.
As cited in the library Celtiberia.net " The last appearance in 2000 in the wall of Barcino, a relief of the god Attis, and dated in the first half of the first century AD by the experts, helps ensure that the cult of Cybele and Attis is present in the city of Barcelona from the moment of its foundation by Augustus in the late first century BC .. "
The ritual was done by the officiating priest, as it recounts the English poet Prudentius Aurelius (348-410 AD one of the best Christian poets of antiquity) in Peristephanon ( Book of the crowns of the martyrs ) .
In the story dedicated to the martyrdom of San Román us taurobolium describes the rite as follows: "The high priest hidden underground in a pit ready to receive his consecration in the depths ... tight head with the sacred ... turban adorned her hair with golden crown, adjusting the silk robe to ma manner Gabia.
with wooden planks placed over the grave built a platform stage, which remains open in many places ... and immediately make slits or hole platform with multiple hits ... bit ... there driving a huge bull facing fierce and bristling, tied with garlands of flowers in their backs or chained antlers, gold also shines on the forehead of the victim and her hair covers the glow of golden plates.
After they have placed there an animal that has to be killed, you open the chest with the knife sacred: the wide wound throws a flood of boiling blood, and on the boards of the bridge below the bull is spilled on torrent blood and expands warmth everywhere. So for the many canals of the thousand crevices penetrating the blood gush their rotten current rains, which receives the priest got into the pit, exposing his dirty head all the drops, infesting her dress and her whole body .
Moreover, his face lifted up, offers her cheek to meet the blood ... and even his eyes bathed in the liquid ... Then the other priests have been removed from that platform the bull's body out of the pit ... the Pope , horrible sight, his head dripping ... shows his bandages and his clothes soaked in blood drunk.
this Man spotted with such contact, soiled with the venom of the sacrifice that has just consummated, all acclaimed him and worship him from afar, because the blood vile and have purified bull killed while hiding in cave horrible .... ( 6)
In Merida, there was a temple dedicated to the god Mithras, the third century BC, located under the current bullring, where they do, as we know, the gorgeous and elaborate rites of taurobolium.

There were also temples dedicated to the Phrygian goddess Cybele in various locations throughout the country, like Carmona, Seville, known as the "Tomb of the Elephant ", named for having met in this temple a figure of an elephant, which is the symbol of longevity. This temple is located in the Roman necropolis in the town of Seville, of important dimensions, 26 meters long, which had a patio, almost rectangular, about 150 square meters.
counted as well, with kitchen, dual chamber and three " couches, which were rooms devoted to the ceremonial banquets (where the Romans celebrated a traditional meal on the anniversary of their dead) and the pit where they introduced the priest or novice, to receive the blood of bulls sacrificed in the rite of taurobolium.

The ancient temple is believed to date back to the days of Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD) or perhaps earlier.
Reminiscences of the cults of Cybele were absorbed by Christianity by the syncretism of dances to the Virgin Mary, in which the dancers are dressed in feminine clothes, recalling, in this way, the " Corybantes", "gallus" or "Gallis" eunuchs who were priests who practiced eviración or emasculation, playing the lover of Cybele (Atti, who had been castrated by the goddess to having been unfaithful), and the ceremonies dedicated to the sacrifice of Atti dressed in feminine clothes. To get started as a priest in the cult of Cybele, castrated novices collectively with a flint knife and wore clothes and adorned with beads of a Woman (castration was forbidden at the time of Domitian from -81 to 96 AD, and replaced by death bull). This ceremony will be held on March 24, known as " Day of Blood", since, as climax, was made the sacrificial death of the bull, in the rite of "taurobolium" part of their drinking blood. Examples
dancers reminiscent of syncretism, in honor of the Virgin, we can cite those practiced in Villafrades (Valladolid) in honor of Grijasalbas virgin, or those who dance to the Virgen de Tejeda, in Villa de Moya (Cuenca), the Virgin of the Nativity of Méntrida (Toledo), those of the Virgen del Arrabal, Laguna de Negritos (León) or to end the dancers on stilts Anguiano (La Rioja), in honor of St. Mary Magdalene, and over at least a dozen villages of our country.
Both cults of Mithra and Cybele, it seems, were banned permanently by the Council of Toledo XVII of the year 694, summoned by the Visigoth king Egic (Witiza father) and chaired by Sisberto bishop of Toledo.
The writer Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) tells, in his "Natural History " in Greece and Rome used the blood of the bull, at once, as poison and as a tonic and also that " ... the blood of a black bull and brave, rubbed in the kidneys of a woman, caused excitement in it special ...". Ojo! That anyone even think to experiment, please!. Posts
to administering medication, this same author also describes a Druid sacrifice associated with infertility cure "... the sixth day of the moon, druids climbed a sacred oak and cut a branch of mistletoe, using for this a "golden sickle ( probably gilt bronze), taking the branch with a white blanket. Then sacrificed two white bulls. " The belief was that mistletoe when mixed with the blood of slaughtered bulls, ingesting the potion cure sterility. (7)
In Egypt, a remedy used to remove the bleaching of the hair, the famous gray, and achieved by means of a draft with the "blood of an ox black, mixed with oil and coat the head " described in the Papyrus Ebers medical. Apparently believed that the properties of an individual were included in their blood. Therefore the ox black color could convey these qualities through his blood, human hair (8).
The geographer Pausanias (s.II AD) relates in his "Description of Greece " the priestess the goddess Gaia (Earth, among the Greeks), before entering the cave to prophesy divine, to the faithful drank goblets with the blood of bulls, as proof of her chastity Ordal, demonstrating that it was invulnerable to sexual temptations. (9)
Another type of use made of the blood of bulls, is found in the ritual of the oath of the Seven Against Thebes allied leaders, described by Aeschylus (525-456 BC), whose sinking ceremony hands in the blood of a bull, collected in the hollow of a shield. (10)
References can be found in the Bible about the use made of the blood of sacrificial victims are numerous and range from the consecration of the altar: " Moses slaughtered and taking the bull's blood, smeared with his finger the horns of the altar all around, and purified, shedding the blood at the foot of the altar, and consecrated him to make atonement for him ...", or used for anointing priests "... then took blood and smeared the lobe of Aaron's right ear, the thumb of his right hand and his right foot ... Took Moses anointing oil and blood that was on the altar, Aspergillus to Aaron and his garments and the sons of Aaron and his garments, enshrining "(11), or even using it as a symbol of partnership," Moses asked young men who blew themselves up bulls ... Moses took half the blood, putting it in jars, and the other half he splashed on the altar ... He took the blood and sprinkled the people, saying: "This is the blood of the covenant that Yahweh with you on all these precepts ." (12). Note the parallels between these passages and mentioned by Plato in Kriti, with variant instead of spilling the blood upon the altar, the kings of Atlantis did oricalco column on the temple of Poseidon.
Another variant is the belief in the appearance or lustral purifying the blood of slaughtered bulls, which was still at the beginning of our era, among the Jews, can be found in the Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews: "For if the blood of goats and bulls and the sprinkling of the ashes of a heifer sanctifies the unclean and gives the meat clean, much more shall the blood of Christ ... ! "(13), and later in the same epistle, the apostle says:" ... But in those sacrifices every year are a reminder of sins, being impossible for the blood of bulls and of goats erase sins "(14). In reality, what does St. Paul in this epistle, not just extolling the virtues of the bull's blood, but old beliefs condemn longer in use, but reveals the existence and permanence, even, of such customs among the Gentiles and categorically rejects.
In the above passages of the anointing of Aaron and his sons as priests, sprinkling the blood on his clothes, as did the kings of Atlantis being sprayed with the blood of the bull of Poseidon, presumably, at least one certain similarity between the rituals and ceremonies performed in the taurobolium, in which the priest, or the neophyte in the initiation rite, leaving materially watered with the blood of the slaughtered bull and thus purified that baptism lustral and bloody. Those initiated by this ritual, through the baptism of the cleansing blood, they benefited from immortality. Another tradition
lustral aspect of the bull's blood and transmission of reproductive aspects of the animal, is found in the custom framed bull in the rites of marriage, which took place in many parts of northern Extremadura geography century until very near XIX. The survival of this ritual is quite old find me for what s already covered by one of the Cantigas de Santa Maria, Alfonso X El Sabio.
The main event was to remove a ceremonial bull slaughter, two days before the betrothal and enmaromado by the horns was taken to the home of the bride. During the trip, the boyfriend was fighting with his cape or a sheet of the furnishings of the couple, with more or less success, trying to rub on the back or the bull's horns these garments. Meanwhile, the entourage arrived at the house of the bride and Burel was tied to the bars of the window. The bride gave the groom a few flags, richly decorated, that is the key to the bull and the blood Manase lustral. Then should try to impregnate the layer or sheet of the furnishings in the blood of the animal, believing that this impregnation blood transmitted bull's reproductive powers to the newlyweds, when they came in contact with these items, thereby ensuring the fruitfulness of the couple. (15)
Another variant, reminiscent in beliefs about the magic of Taurica blood, is found in the village of Rebollar Leon, where they still practice the custom of ancestral character, the day after San Blas (Sa Blasina as call it), where the boys pretend to shoot down a mock bull, made by two men disguised. After slaughtering all drink large quantities ensuring wine is the blood of dead animal. (16) is likely to retain some measure of libation taurofagias reminiscent of those ancient rituals that were practiced in the Dionysian rites.
The mustachioed, anti-taurine and anti-flamenquista Eugenio Noel, in his book "The Capeas " recounts, with a repulsive and nauseating prose, how children, women and elderly, needy and destitute, were stinking tail to the municipal slaughterhouse Madrid, in the early twentieth century, to collect some portion of blood from bull served every day, almost the only food tonic to overcome hunger or kill (17).
In Mithraism, was the belief general vines, grapes and therefore wine, had emerged from the blood of the bull, when he was killed by the god Mitra (18).
therefore not surprising that there are certain agricultural rites in ancient times confined to the "fertile crescent " and the shores of the Mediterranean, which consisted of spraying the fields with bull's blood, thinking to increase the fertility of crops. There may be no apparent connection whatsoever, but similar custom is still practiced today among the Andean people, who spilled the blood work camps of the Flames, while invoking the " Pacha Mama (Mother Earth ) for increase the fertility of their fields.

Overall cattle was regarded as auspicious animals for offerings to the gods, not only for its economic value, but for being the sacrificial victim of greater cultural value, represented by the symbols of power , virility and fertilizing power.

Therefore, in the Roman world, were the favorite animals to be offered to Jupiter and the " Tellus Mater" (a goddess who personified the Earth) in agricultural or fertility rites of the fields, as in the rites called " Fordicidia " or " Hordicidia "(From fordus or Ordus," pregnant cow), dedicated to this goddess. Took place around 15 April to ensure the fertility of the fields and the abundance of crops, slaughtering pregnant cows.

Flores Arroyuelo we describe a legend that goes back in time to the reign of Numa "Pompilio (2 first king of Rome 715-672 BC replaced Romulus):" ... the nymph Egeria (Roman goddess sources and childbirth), Oracle Faunus (a god who had promoted agriculture and animal husbandry among men), revealed Numa remedy to end years of hardship and poverty, concerning the slaughter of a pregnant cow whose blood had watered the earth to fertilize it. This was carried out in each of the thirty curiae (meeting places) that Rome was divided, and at a time as was the spring when the flocks were pregnant and on earth sprouted seeds, and a can act as a magic-sympathetic understanding whereby "a fertile land was offered a fertile victim" in a ceremony that was celebrated with great solemnity in the Capitol or "city of Jupiter," the pontiff (Pontifex maximus) as officiating in the first party that carried out the sacrifice of the animal and removal of the calf of the maternal womb, while the feast was celebrated by the faithful that they ate pieces of cooked meat from the animal, was given the Vestal to In the second part, the oldest among them, home burn in the temple of Vesta to reduce it to ashes ... . " The vestal virgins (priestesses of Vesta, goddess of the hearth), kept the ashes of unborn calves slaughtered, until the arrival of Parilia festival (Festival commemorating the founding of Rome), where they were used for purification to attendees. ( 6)
this regard supporters religious origin of bullfighting is based on certain existing agricultural rites in a vast historical and cultural area, from Japan to Madagascar, " is to make two bulls fight each other and sacrificing the winner, or simply to sacrifice bulls in spring, always with the magical-religious purpose to invigorate the fields with the blood of bulls . (10)
An original custom is found, at present, in the town of Benavente Zamora, hosting the "Fiesta del Toro "day of" Corpus Christi ", where after the bull run enmaromado and after being slaughtered and butchered the animal, girls called "bull brokers, stain your shoes in the blood of the animal, as remembrance of the blood offerings demanded Diana to their priests and Nereids, and the meat is distributed among the young people benaventanos. This ritual, it seems, has its roots in the ancient Dionysian rites. "There is (according to footnote the author of" Iberian mythology "), this party was imported from Portuguese soil, a countess, at which a bull had killed a child, gave an annual enmaromado bull and it was dead . (4)
A legend, like the Portuguese, is what gave rise to "San Juan bull" in Coria (Cáceres), with the variation that each year, by order of the Countess, had to be sacrificed a young man who was chosen by lot those who reached puberty until he was replaced by a bull, whose ritual was described in the article on "L to meat-I bull." In this event, when the animal is slaughtered, the boys spotted their sandals in the blood of the bull, believing that contact with the blood Taurica provides the strength and the fertilizing power and therefore a guarantee of fertility for the couple (6).
But not all the qualities of the bull's blood were beneficial or positive sign as we have seen and therefore could not be without some examples of harmful and dangerous aspects of the blood, as discussed below.
ingestion of blood as a drink was considered in antiquity as sacrilegious as penalized in the Bible, above.
In the world of classical Greece, it was believed that the blood of the bull was a deadly poison for humans, as evidenced by a story in which Aeson (Jason's father and brother of Pelias, king of Iolcus , Thessaly), committed suicide by drinking the blood of a bull, before he killed his brother Pelias.
Herodotus also says that Pharaoh Psamtik III (526-525 BC of the XXVI dynasty), was forced by the Persian King Cambyses I (528-521 BC, son of Cyrus II " El Grande", the founder of the Persian empire of "Achaemenid ) to drink the blood of bull to death. , the case of Themistocles (525-460 BC Greek statesman military and a key figure in the Wars Medical and winner in the battle of Salamis), died, according to legend, by abusing the blood meal bull, but in the Greek tradition was said to be poisoned, that way, not to help the King of Persia Artaxerxes I (465-424 BC), where he had refugee, to attack their country and to be involved in the treason of Pausanias. (16)
say the same thing happened to our king Ferdinand. According to legend claimed that he died on the way to Guadalupe (died on January 23, 1516 in Madrigalejo, Cáceres, when he went to attend the chapter on the orders of Calatrava and Alcantara in the Monastery of Guadalupe), an indigestion drink the blood of a purple or black chestnut bull, although another version said it was for binge of this animal's testicles (9).
An author of the XVI century folklorist, but Mexia, marveled that they had justification for such beliefs any rational when he says: "... how to drink bull's blood kills, and what reason there desto natural, and some who killed her, and how not kill and who was the first who tamed bulls, and other parties and ran for the same purpose ...".( 19)
Finally, repair at this popular ballad circulating among the people of the Town and Court, in the middle of XVII century, which, interestingly, singing the praises of water and blood bull

"Agua de San Isidro
cure fevers, blood of young bull

seeks good legs."

Many more examples could brought here for the sake, but for now I think is enough.
Plácido González Hermoso.
REFERENCES 1 .- Lev. 17, 14-15
2 .- Gen. 9: 4-5
3 .- Antonio García Bellido, "Twenty-five prints of Old Spain, Colecc. Austral-A-181
4 .- Maclug d'Obrheravt, "Iberian mythology." 5 .- Antonio Blanco
Freijeiro, "Hispania metroacos Documents." 6 .- Flores
F. Rill, "The bull in ancient times", and Juan Posada, Weekly report on Athena.
7 .- Miranda Jane Green, "Celtic Myths." Edicc. 8 .- Revista
AKAL VERY SPECIAL n º 33, January-February 1998
9 .- Fernando Sanchez Drago, "Volapié, Bulls and Tauromagia"
10 .- Angel Alvarez de Miranda .- "Rites and Toro games."
11 .- Lev. 8, 15-16
12 .- Exodus, 24, 5-9
13 .- Hebrews, 9, 13-14
14 .- Hebrews, 10, 3-5
15 .- Fco Flores Rill, "Running the bulls in Spain "16 .- Cristina Delgado
Linacero .-" The bull in the Mediterranean "
17 .- Eugenio Noel," The anti-bullfighting Capeas and other writings "
18 .- José María González Stephani, magazine" EL TORO " Club Taurino
1966 .- 19.-But Mexia, Silva several lessons ", 2 ª Part III, Chapter XXIV, published in 1542

Dreadlock Extensions In Ny

and II

Further to the previous article on this topic, many were the forms, treatments and beliefs about it were, by all sides of the Mediterranean, on the excellence of the flesh of the bull, whose therapeutic qualities or genes make a melting pot of beliefs or superstitions.
The extensive content, and ensure that articles are not excessively long, thus preventing reader fatigue forced me to split the topic, leaving for the second part regards the communal consumption of meat of the bull in our Peninsula whose practices fall within rites known as " Charities and limited to religious celebrations, although some examples are already ahead.
Hispanics in the villages used long metal grills and large pots for communal feasts. Some of these vessels used to have a legend recorded in different content, and variegated meanings of any Indo-European influences.
Across Spain meat, slaughtered bull, it was customary to consume at a dinner ritual and liturgy similar to that used by the various peoples of the Mediterranean. These foods, in principle, were aimed at the poor of the place, which became known as "Charities" but later extended to all those attending the ceremony.
Dictionary of Authorities, of 1,726, says, that "it also Charities soda bread, wine and cheese in places, is given to the poor in the feasts of saints by the brotherhood that celebrates party. "(1) Expenses occasioned
such acts were exempt from any sort of taxes, charges or taxes, as stipulated by the law of" New Collection ", which expressly stated:" We sent that Commissioners of the Crusade, or composition, or carry, or charge nothing of what some places or guilds spent their bags in running bulls, or to charities, as they have to vote and send it on custom and it will give the necessary supplies, so that is saved and meet. " (Book I, Chapter X, Act IV, 1850) (1)
In this regard we find the description of an interesting case of votes and " charities" that is preserved among the manuscripts of the monastery of Silos and which forced Roa council of a plague that God had spared: " A January 4, 1374 birth year, facemos et pledge vow to God ... to give and pay in each anno i forever thousand five hundred coppers Desta usual currency, which FACEN ten money the penny. E to pay ... all knights, squires, ladies and maidens, fijosdalgo, lay, clergy, Indian Moors i Desta said town. E desto i said thousand four hundred coppers bulls are purchased and are calendar and given by God's love, the two bulls on the day of Corpore Christi. E fagamos these bulls to envergoñados i cooked the poor ... bread i came ... " (2)

appears that these votes were in place even during the sixteenth century and most of the seventeenth century, despite opposition from moralists more recalcitrant. But despite this, the common people thought that by a vote of this category could even mollify the Divine.
pronouncements were many practices that are contrary to religious authorities and by way of example is worth what happened in the provincial council of Toledo in 1565, where the session III " Reform, held on 25 March 1566 , set out in Chapter XXVI that " vows made to" run bulls "are not met, because it does not belong because of religion, even with consent and oath all the people." Were also available then, not to make similar vows. (3)

Another example of " charities "are those held in Talavera de la Reina (Toledo), known as" the husks "or " Fiesta de los Toros ", performed by fraternities or associations of young men since time immemorial, in the words of Father Marian (1536-1624 and as a curious note, when the Jesuits baptized, it was recorded in the book of baptism " not know who his father or his mother "): "... Societas civium Three hundred years before establishi est ... " ie" consisting of public companies three hundred years ago .. ". There is considerable controversy about the origin of these parties, no missing attribute to which the Roman customs, and even those who say, in the words of D. Luis Zapata, the holidays were celebrated in "templillo a small, dedicated to the goddess Pallas, fabulous deity of chastity ..." on whose temple was built the shrine to the Virgen del Prado, and " there they sacrificed bulls Pallas, here in honor of Our Lady ... are you in three days twenty and two bulls each year, chosen and locked in the Holy shrine ... and in a day, of the party, because everything is based on devotion and love , are fed there two thousand poor, big fun bulls two quarts of wine, two pounds of bread .. " Others argue that these parties appeared in the late fifteenth century and were structured in the early sixteenth century. Whatever it was, the fact is that within fifteen days of celebrations lasting from the same Easter Sunday, the Bulls ran twenty-two chose and provided the City Council, which is locked in a courtyard of the shrine. (4)

Another example of these " Charities" are the party of "Boiler " Soria, held the Sunday after the feast of San Juan, 24 June, at a shrine that some historians say was I Recaredo times (586-601 AD) and was dedicated to Our Lady of the market or White. Julio Caro Baroja, in the "Festive Estio " not s says: " The organization was in charge of the" Common gangs, each of which had to have been there a bull in the meadow Valonsadero. This bull is running, roped throughout Friday and overnight something's Eve that killed Saturday. The spoils are then auctioned. But with much of the meat and other foods prepared with meat cooked large boilers. " Sunday morning crews out with his patron saint, in front of a boy who was carrying a "bouquet " with saffron for the offering bagels and " After High Mass was celebrated with a sermon. Finished it is expected topque bells and when I heard all the contenders were heading to the meadow of San Andrés. There, four young, each Auxiliary crew foreman, had charge of boilers of bull meat cooked with seasonings and were responsible for "to love", with a corresponding portion of bread and wine, both neighbors as strangers and especially to the poor " (5).
say that by 1893 the Bishop of Osma-Soria, with the apparent backing of the authorities tried to ban these parties to no avail, to which the people responded with a ballad am enazante saying

"may lack the bread

and dry off the Duero,

but burns Soria first

if no San Juan parties. "

The conclusion of a run, with a ritual banquet included, was a common practice in many locations throughout the country, and occurred in Calasparra, Murcia, where they held until the decade of 1,950. Pascual Madoz (1806-1870), in his "Gazetteer -historical-statistical of Spain ... "(1845), says it was a festival that" ... checks the other to St. Abdon and Sennen on the last Sunday of August, for beginning this event has run a bull yesterday afternoon (known as "Boiler Saturday), which stewed in a famous caldera have prepared for that purpose, in addition to placing this response, a large portion of ham, peas, eggplant and squash, this operation practice in the most public of the town, and lasts from eve to dawn the following day, at which time the mayors and city council, those appointed by him and clergy, with music that is ready, go through the portion of bread that are prepared in advance, to distribute rations to the poor to reaching the food, there is never enough for everyone, be copious number those who attend everywhere. "(6)

L a feast of San Roque, 16 August is traditionally an important date in which cheered and celebrated with great profusion, these parties, with distribution of the usual charities.
Examples are abundant, like the one held in the village of Siles Jaen, where are several bulls during the festival of San Roque, his employer, and the last day is devoted to a communal feast on the flesh of a bull, previously boiled in a cauldron, embossed with a peculiar legend, near the shrine of the saint.
Elsewhere, almost diametrically opposed to geographically, in the town of Zamora Castrogonzalo " On the day of San Roque, who celebrate with Mass, sermon and steers, it is customary that the City shared between neighbors, the parish priest of St. Thomas, who is in the function is verified, and preacher, a bushel of catfish, trout and one other beef in equal parts, in the afternoon, the bulls run and at night there is usually a feast for the elegant. "(7)
The same author tells us about several holidays celebrated in Spain, that making the " Guide festivals in Spain, 1,982 " M ª Angeles Sánchez, such as those held in Guadalaviar (Teruel), where the party Santiago is celebrated with a meal of meat brotherhood of one of the bulls of the corrida, and Bujalaroz (Zaragoza), during the feast in honor of St. Augustine, August 28, shares the meat of steers dealt. Marquis
In Jerez (Granada), in the feasts of the Virgin of September, lasting from 8 to 12, the last day splitting the flesh of bulls struggled the previous day. That is why one called "bulls Day" and other "meat day."
same parties are also held in "Orihuela del Tremedal (Teruel), but cooked" the shepherdess. " In the same province in Vellel, the "food bull" is carried out, always, in the main festival of Santa Otilia Fuensanta and from 8 to 10 September. In another village
Teruel, Olite, celebrates its feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross and Our Lady of Cantal, between 13 and 16 September, ending with the "food cow" in the entire neighborhood eat the flesh of the calf bullfight, and Inheritance (Ciudad Real), also during the celebrations of the Merced, on September 24, eat the meat of heifers, with local wine. (7)

same kind of celebration, as quoted by M ª Angeles Sánchez, and just how to spice up the meat of the bull stew " Rev. " occurs in the province of Teruel Santa Eulalia del Campo, on the Sunday close to August 22, during the festivities of the Virgen del Molino, where people gather in a communal meal.
Also in Benavente (Zamora) is celebrated on the day of Corpus Christi, the feast of "Toro Enmaromado " squirts a bull of that lot by the town's streets. The curious note of this event is the group of girls, young girls, who are behind the bull and are present at the time of sacrifice. When they killed the bull, girls, called "del Toro jackets, stained his shoes in the blood of the victim, recalling the blood offerings demanded Diana to their priests and Nereids. Slaughtered and butchered the bull, the meat is distributed among the young people benaventanos. The Boalo
(Madrid), for San Fermin, no closures, heifers and "Food of the heifer."
In Covaleda (Soria), during the holiday San Lorenzo, on August 12, celebrates a traditional stew "flavored with beef steers, which is delivered on the 13th between the population and especially among the poor.
in La Puebla de Hijar (Teruel) in the festivities of Our Lady of the Assumption and San Roque, 15 and 16 August in the town square bulls are run fireworks and rocks are celebrate and share the " stew and cow ranch ."
In Rascafría (Madrid), the last day of the festivities of the Virgen de Gracia and San Roque, which usually last from 14 to 17, make a stew with beef bulls fought, eating communally in the village square.
In Salas de los Infantes (Burgos) in the festivities of Our Lady and San Roque, from 14 to 17 August, there are tasting zurracapote (bleeding), sire of fire in the main square and the 17th the rocks are move in procession to the poplar grove de la Peña Rota, to eat the traditional " meat stew with potatoes bull", tasting of sausages and a sardine.
In Hoyos de Manzanares (Madrid) on 8 September in the festivities of the Virgen de la Encina, held closures and the "hot stock Heifer" in place the spirit of the heifer, by banning alcohol at parties, and club members shared broth in the stands. During the festival there is a "day of the stew " prepared meat of a bull, which is distributed to more than five thousand people.
In Saldaña (Palencia), during the festivities in honor of the Virgen del Valle, on 8 September and lasting five days, the last day it goes out the "feast of the calf " in the old square.
Also in Ayerbe (Huesca) on September 9, during the festivities in honor of Santa Leticia, there Calderetas Bulls fire and the meat of this animal.
In Height (Castellón) in the Patron Saint, 29 September, the day of San Miguel and La Virgen de Gracia, there Toros drunk and blessing and sharing of traditional "boiler " with the flesh of bulls, which pays the Confraternity of the Virgin. (8)
Known are also numerous bullfights given for the benefit of the hospitals in different cities during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, whose institutions were benefiting from the sale or consumption of meat from bulls struggled. The conclusion of these runs charities and the fate of their profits was in part a subterfuge used to circumvent prohibitions on the run enacted by the Bourbons, whose charity was as varied destination as the English picaresque itself.
As an example, since the relationship would be endless, see the fate that was given to the benefits obtained in some runs that took place in Murcia: " on 7 July 1752, Friday, there were four runs bulls on the site and period between the spill stone bridge and Alameda del Carmen, in order to apply their products to repair as far as possible the damage that does the building of the Malecon, this population only defense against Segura floods. "
The following year, on Monday, September 17, " Like the 18 and 19, were held bullfights in the Plaza de San Agustin and in December there was another run, and both were begging for the work of the Church of San Antolin . " (9)
For these matters were held countless runs, and even to better circumvent bans on bullfights, heifers were organized, as in the pragmatic convictions made no mention of bull run, and reached only bans bullfights. The oft-mentioned
Julio Caro Baroja gives us a case in the capital of the kingdom: " In 1785, Madrid dying father asked permission to have a bullfight in the square that was in the Puerta de Alcala, to rebuild Convent Street Fuencarral with your product. The governor of the Council requested the report, and according to it was given permission to run steers. "(10)
In closing, see the gesture of Mr. Cúchares in a run that held on 9 September 1851 in Murcia, in the ancient square of St. Augustine, whose poster is recorded by a footnote at the bottom of it, that "the dead will bulls donated by Cúchares for almshouses."
As the popular saying proclaims " bullfighting is greatness."
long relationship I hope this has served them entertainment and conocencia the varied folk customs and past treatment since it has been given to the meat of the bull.

Plácido González Hermoso.



REFERENCES 1 .- Julio Caro Baroja "the summer holidays," pag. 218 J. Pereda
2 .- .- "The bulls before the church and moral
CB July 3 .-" the summer holidays, "pag. 4.-July
245 CB "Rites and Myths misunderstandings" p.33
July 5 .- CB the summer Holiday, pag. 6.-July
222 CB "Rites and Myths misunderstandings" p. 75 July 7 .- CB
the summer Holiday, pag. 8 .- 220
Angeles Sánchez "festivals guide Spain, 1982 "
9 .- Juan Torres Fontes," Ephemerides Murcia, 1750-1800 "July 10 .- CB
the summer Holiday, pag. 224

Street Racing Syndicate From Mediafire

EL TORO DE ORO DEL TORO MEAT

Ángel Álvarez de Miranda

transcribed us a curious story in his book "Rites and Games Toro," which takes apparently M. Curiel Merchan (from his "Tales Extremadura, Madrid, 1944, pag.321-323) who picked him up in Trujillo, Caceres.
Similarly we can see, first, that the principal figure in the story pivot on which the rest of the characters is a bull on gold and the genesic fertilizing agent whose belief shared several ancient societies.
That is the core of the narrative, the popular oral tradition has given us, and that curiosity is transcribed below:

" This was to be a king, who had a daughter, whom a Prince had disgraced and abandoned. The princess wanted her father bought her a gold bull was really like.
The king ordered it, and when they were doing was the princess and said that he did do so hollow, but that does not know anyone.
This made him the bull, took him to his palace and placed in your bedroom. She walked into the bull and there was no outside for several days. As the king saw it and for some time, sent for the whole castle, but to no avail.
few days later came the fouls things to eat, what the king in wonder, unable to find the thief who took them off, never suspecting that the thief was her daughter, who robbed and kept all the stolen bull. Then he began to remove not only things to eat, but all the good he could. For this, and especially not find the princess even though the sought, the king was very upset, very upset and got sick and had to call her son, Prince living in other distant lands.
By the prince and see a big gold bull asked the father to give it to her, but the king, weeping bitterly, told him no, that was a memory I had of her daughter, but when it died would be happy.
At last the King, full of grief over the disappearance of their daughter, died, and the prince took the bull to his home, suspecting that it was hollow and within it was his sister.
Soon to be the gold bull in the palace of the prince began to miss things to eat and all classes, and the prince had wondered who the thief and where they hide, until they thought to take the bull to his bedroom, also were not robársele.
One night, when the princess believed her brother was asleep, left the bull to continue stealing. But the prince was not asleep, he saw her and said:
- Ah! But are you?
- Yes, I am, but do not tell anyone, I do not want anyone to see me or know I'm here.
The brother promised to remain silent and not to disclose to anyone the secret. But after a few days, said he had to go to war, but that it would give orders for them to leave food out things for her to cogiera and not starve, and said:
"Look, sister, I feel long leave, but I will come as soon as possible. When you hear three slaps on the buttocks of a bull, go without fear, that I am, that I've returned from the war.
They embraced and walked away elm prince.

One day they were fixing the maids in the bedroom of the prince and one of them said: "Look what bull
so beautiful is the prince.
went and gave three slaps on the buttocks. Then came the princess, and the maids, seeing her, said:
"This is the food you eat and steals things.
And caught and thrown out the window, falling into a bush.
A woman who lived across the street and saw the princess picked up and carried home. A few days later the prince came and started slapping the buttocks of a bull, but no one answered, and the prince's chagrin, became ill.
Her sister princess, being in the neighboring house, had a son, and learned that his brother had arrived from the war and was sick in bed. Then prepared a large basket of flowers and among them wrapped her son, putting a letter in his hand that said where she was. He sent a girl with the basket telling her to go to the palace of the prince with him, asking if they wanted flowers for the broken heart, but I would not give the basket to anyone unless it was the same prince. It was the maiden
palace, offering flowers, and did not stop until they entered the same room of the prince. He, seeing so many beautiful flowers, began to move and liked a lot.
The girl then said, "Sir
, below the more beautiful.
fumbled the prince and then saw the boy with the letter in his hand. He took it, read it and then went home to his sister, who was full of joy, asking how he had been out of the gold bull without waiting. His sister told him what happened, and the prince was furious and went to the palace and ordered the killing of the maids. A good woman who picked up the princess bore her home, along with her sister.
The wife of the prince, who did not know his sister, asked who was it, and said it was his sister, since then live with them in the palace, and they would raise her nephew as his own son, and as They had no children would make his heir.
And they all lived very happily for many years, retaining the gold bull. "

As discussed below Alvarez de Miranda, on the meaning of this story Extremadura, the allusion to a prince who dishonors the princess is a narrative ploy to deflect the primary meaning of the bull, which is "the true agent fertilization the princess ", as the interest of it, to ask his father to buy him a gold bull, can be interpreted as the desire to conquer fertility.
beliefs in ancient times on the bull's reproductive capacity and fertilizing power could convey, was a dogma that shared many cultures. Remember Egyptian women lifting their skirts to the Apis bull, when he went in procession and visited his church in Memphis and through the "Window the onset of Apis " sex-show him in the hope of obtaining the gift of fertility, or the Mother Goddess or Great Mother of Anatolia, which accounted with voluminous shapes, giving birth to a bull that symbolized the fertility paredros giver of the goddess.
Other similarities can be found in the myth of Pasiphae, who asked Daedalus will manufacture a wooden cow, covered with skin of the animal, to enter into it and get to become impregnated by the bull, the god Poseidon sent to King Minos of Crete, whose act zoophilic gave birth to a bull-headed son, " The Minotaur."
Or what about the goddess " Ephesian Artemis", the "Lady of Ephesus " Anatolia Hellenizing in stage, whose image was represented, sculpture, chest swarm of hubs, which were nothing to Didymus of bull, as a remembrance of a mother goddess, similar to the Phrygian Cybele or the aforementioned Great Mother.

Other examples could be cited in this connection that would not provide more light on analysis, but the sake of narrative, in any event, and contributed to testify to the existence of belief in the fertilizing power of the bull in its reproductive capacity and the special relationship with the woman, which was shared by diverse cultures surrounding the "Mare Nostrum ."
Plácido González Hermoso.

Bibliography: Angel Alvarez de Miranda, "Rites and Toro games" page. 62