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BULLS mythological - II, India, China and Egypt

After the tour by land mythological Mesopotamian and Persian, the previous article, we will move now to the mythical and mystical Hindustani peninsula where according to tradition, the channels through which run the sacred rivers of the Indus and the Ganges were wrought by the horns of a bull ensabanado sky. INDIA In the
, filled with a deep religiosity where you live: "... a people who have seen God ... through deep meditation and silence ... "and where" seldom God's desire has been expressed in words so full of the spirit of Advent and in your holy books ... " (in the words of Paul VI when he visited Mumbai on 3 December 1964) and formed by a kaleidoscope of castes and religions, the permanent image as perceived by the traveler upon arrival, is the abundant presence of the sacred cows immutable. Gandi
, referring to them said " the cow is a poem of mercy and the mother of the Indian people ." The cause of such veneration bovine lies in the belief that it is a theophany of the goddess Sarasvati (or Saraswati), wife of the god Brahma, mother of the Vedas and the inventor of the alphabet, as well as the goddess of wisdom and science. Therefore, the deliberate killing of a cow is an abominable crime, and that is to block the sources of life and the perpetrator of such offense shall be sentenced " to stay in hell long enough to have the animal hairs killed." Indian mysticism
Among the Toro was considered a source of life and therefore a gift bestowed by the gods, while attached to the celestial sphere and the gods of Indian pantheon.
Among the most famous find a Toro attachments White, named NANDI, whose mission was to serve the god holy mount SHIV (photo 1), the third person of the Hindu Trinity and supreme god of Brahmanism, who "... is sometimes invoked as a bull, a symbol fertility. The bull is almost always represented before the house, facing the sanctuary . " This bull Nandi
was the one who styled grooves, with their horns, which then would run the sacred rivers of the Indus and the Ganges. As expected, this mount Taurica celestial object of worship and veneration among the people of India since the early days of the Vedas, with many temples worldwide Brahmi, where the sacred bull of Shiva is offered for veneration of the faithful. (Photo 2)
Another aspect of the fertility of the bull attributed to the gods is given to the Indian god AGNI, the god of fire in Vedic times and is, apparently, the mediator between men and gods. "... vegetables that are born in water are home Agni (Rig Veda, X, 91.6), and he appears to rub an aquatic plant, the lotus flower (Rig Veda, VI, 16 , 13). It is called "Toro de las Aguas " because becomes fruitful "(Rig Veda, X, 21.8). INDRA
The God, was the chief god of the primitive Vedic religion (prior to Hinduism in India, along with Mitra and Varuna), god of thunder and moisture. It was the most popular Vedic god and was likened to a bull and was the one who created the ox and horse and confirming its vitality with a thousand testicles. SURYA
the Sun-god of the Vedic mythology, is considered to be a bull solar. Its iconography is fixed at the time Brahmin. Was general belief among the believers that God is able to cure several problems (such as leprosy, blindness and infertility). MANU

is name of the first human being, the first king who reigned over the earth, and was saved from the flood.
" Manu, who was the incarnation of Brahma, Vishnu offered in gratitude for having saved the Flood, curdled milk, cream and butter. This offering had the rare virtue begat Ida or Ila, a woman of extraordinary beauty. Manu to possess the desired and became Toro. Ida, in turn, became a cow, and then in goat, forcing Manu to become a goat. Manu
always took the form of the male for the animal in which it was transformed. Thanks to these unions are fertile, all animals born .. "

Another version of this myth is attributed to Vahram god, god of the orbit of Mazdaism, who apparently also suffered a series of transformations or metamorphosis generating, in turn, the various animal species.

The Laws of Manu (a Sanskrit text of Hindu law that was written between the sixth century BC and III), in rule 81 states: "In the Krita- Juga, justice, in the form of a bull , standing firmly on its four feet, the Queen and any good Truth obtained by the deadly drift of iniquity. "

CHINA In there is a belief that the riverbed Yang-Tse-Kiang (River Blue), the longest in China and Asia (5,500 km), was carved by the sacred bull horn ..
is documented that during the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), when it emerged the so-called " Mandarins" ( officials who agreed to his post, serving the Emperor, by passing an exam- prior cultural contest. Not to be confused with dialect Mandarin ", typical of the North, Central and Southwest China), tournaments were held were very similar to English bullfighting. In fact, the year 108 AD held some very important tournaments, long duration, which used large numbers of animals, including bulls. (Photos 3 and 4)
There are some beautiful prints in Nanyang, in tombs of Chinese generals, in which a man is seen in front of a bull, wielding a sword in one hand and the other a small shield and a dagger. In another scene repeats the same fate of man against bull in defiance. Both prints are amazing perfection and plasticity.

Our next step takes us to visit the country of gods, pharaohs and pyramids. EGYPT , the country that according to Herodotus "is a gift Nile, where the bull is elevated to the divine worship, and that the Egyptians worshiped animals to represent a theophany (manifestation of the divine), while documented both the cult and the veneration of at least half a dozen bulls. It was generally believed that a god could reside in the body of an animal and thus be a "living cult image." Ie the "Ka " (soul) of God stood in the bull. The best known and popular of all Egyptian sacred bull APIS was , with a capital. It was black with a spot white on the forehead, and other brands twenty-seven. (Figure 5a and b)

APIS was the sacred bull and guarantor of fertility, whose cult is attested before the first dynasty Thinite (2920 - 2770 BC) as the institution of his worship is attributed to Menes or Narmer, unifying the first pharaoh of Egypt (circa 3000 BC), who looked in her dress, tied at the waist, oxtail, as can be observed in the palette known as " Narmer Palette." Same dress looked another Pharaoh Menes contemporary, known as the Scorpion King . "(photo 6 -7)

Apis was regarded as a son of the god Ptah , and the dynastic god of fertility, and that was born from a cow that was impregnated by the god in the form of celestial fire.
at birth (the event did not happen until the old Apis died), was searched throughout Egypt and recognized by the priests of Memphis, the city par excellence, after finding that he possessed the twenty-seven marks of rigor. Having identified the new Apis was led in with her mother, dressed in rich robes, a golden boat dedicated to Ptah, to the city of Memphis, the ancient capital of Egypt, near the present city of Saqqara south of Cairo, where he was enthroned in the temple dedicated to him.
During the processional movement of Apis, as well as during the annual festival or temple visits, women were allowed to approach the bull, but only to show up their skirts and sex, thinking that ensured their fertility, and it was generally believed in the bull reproductive transmission.
already installed on the temple grounds, is made available to the Apis exclusive clergy of priests, the priests of Apis, and a harem of about 30 cows, along with his mother, which was the object of exquisite hospitality. In this temple visits were allowed, and there is a window on the waist, known as "window the onset of Apis ", through which women showed him sex for the grace of fertility.
In the hypothetical case that a cow be impregnated by the Apis, mysteriously, the clergy was in charge of certifying the death of the cow, in avoidance of the calf, a descendant of Apis, not possess any characteristic signs of parent.
also Apis was associated with the supreme god Ra, the Sun God and Lord of Heaven and Earth, taking, apparently takes the solar disk between his horns. (photo 8)

the death of Apis was associated with the ultimate funerary god, Osiris, and thus became and was known by the name of Serapis, whose task was to bring the body deceased to the afterlife. The body of the dead Apis was being identical embalming and funeral rituals that the pharaohs, while burial was made at a specific location known as "The Serapeum " in the city of Saqqara. Elisa
Castel says: " In the last period of the Pharaonic civilization, became a god of the dead matter psychopomp and understood that the god drove the deceased to his grave, he helped and protected to the late control four winds of Beyond. "(Photo 9)

The same author informs us that:" Although from the New Kingdom was associated with Osiris, the cult of Apis, with Ptolemy I fully merged Beyond the god, giving rise to a new deity called Serapis, ie Apis identified with Osiris at death. This creation would have been ordered by royal command, after a dream monarch. "

's counterpart in the south Apis was the bull BUJIS or Buckis, Bujis (Greek) or Baj (Egyptian) seen as the embodiment Dera and Osiris mythology, it was also the Ka of Montu, the warrior god with the head of Falcon. Was related to germination and soil fertility. (Photo 10a)
a wild bull was elected as the embodiment of Montu, and was revered as such. Over time the criteria for choosing the bull became more rigid, by selecting bulls with white body and black face. When these bulls (or their mothers) died were mummified, and carried to a cemetery known as the Bujeum. Mothers were considered as representations of Hathor, the mother of these deities. He was depicted as a bull in a white body and black head wearing a ureo with solar disk and two tall plumes, also bull-headed man. It is revered as "the mountains Toro" and "bull Sunrise and the sunset " in the city of Hermonthis and Thebes, cities near the Valley of the Kings.
The last burial of a Bujis bull in Bujeum of Hermonthis was at 340 a. C. Mythologically stated that their colors changed throughout the day, even Macrobius (Roman writer and grammarian, the last quarter of s.IV AD) says that every hour it changed c smell.
In the following illustration represents the emperor Trajan (98-117 AD) before the bull Bujis Medamud in the temple, near Thebes. (Figure 10b)

Another sacred bulls Egypt was Mnevis (Greek) or MERUR (Egyptian), the sacred bull related to Atum-Ra, called "Renewing Life", and as Mnevis-Osiris Osiris or Mnevis-Uenen-Nofer, was venerated at Heliopolis. (Photo 11a)
is represented as a bull-headed man carrying on its head a sun disk, ureo between the horns and feathers. Or as a black bull or mottled with the same headdress. Revered since ancient times and even Time Low, was the manifestation of ba (soul) of the god Ra, emphasizing the soil fertility and germination, with a distinctly sexual. His cult is found from the Dynasty II (2770-2649 BC).

This bull had, in his temple Medamud, an enclosure, as an arena, where measured forces with other members of their species, one of the hobbies of the Egyptians Bulls struggle.

An account of Aelian "Sophist" (170-235) gives account of what happened to Mnevis, the sacred bull of Montu lord of Thebes, god warrior hawk-headed or bull in the temple of Medamud, meaning "castle of combat" to that whip, or Wankare Bocchoris Pharaoh (of Sais Dynasty XXIV, 717-712 BC), took a wild bull to the temple to that faced him: "... thought that Mnevis starts to moo, and the upstart answered his bellowing. Then the stranger, taken from his fury, spear, down on the bull beloved of God, but slips and going to fall on the trunk of a Persea tree, was subject to him by the horn, and then the bull Mnevis, killed him gored in the side. Bocchoris was embarrassed, and the Egyptians hated him ever since. "

Your connection with Osiris is explained by its identification with fertility and, in this respect, it is a bull that had been kept in the temple. At his death " is carefully mummified and buried with all sorts of preventive measures and their organs were also embalmed and placed in large Canopic Jars." (Figure 11b)

Merur was the intermediary for men and priests could get in touch directly with the god Ra, the bull still participating in the oracles when asked a question on earth in which the solar deity should intervene.
Their reverence was maintained during the reign of Akhenaton (the XVIII Dynasty, 1353-1335 BC), the king abolished the worship of almost all the gods of the pantheon (and especially that of Amun and his family), allowing only the survival of deities of sun, which is understood as forms of the god Aten. Precisely because of the river trails in the city of Amarna, we know that this king prepared for burial burial Merur bull, tombs that have not yet been found.
A faithful Mnevis invoked him with the title "Re herald, bull and bull Ennead solar." The bull represented fertility par excellence, who was worshiped in the city of Heliopolis, a suburb north of Cairo, where there was also a venue for the fight of bulls.

With Merhy name we refer to a black bull or bull-headed man, associated with Osiris, who was called "Bull of the West " or "bull Abydos, his name means " The Messiah" may be a form of Osiris associated with the moon. According to tradition, Osiris died as Toro of harvest "and then the search for his remains, he cut his brother in September after a fierce battle, march Isis, Thoth, Anubis and Toro.
" is represented in a few sanctuaries, emphasizing, among other places, the temple of Seti I at Abydos, where God's power made its appearance in the agricultural circle is placed in connection with aspects of death and regeneration. Isis It is called "Child of Merhy Toro" . It is often accompanied by the bulls and Tyasep Bapef. (Photo 12)

Finally we have the bull god MIN , which we do not know his name but do know it was white and adored in Koptos. As expected Min titles were: "Lord Coptic desert and god of fertility " and the shrine of the god had " a slender column topped by a pair of horns ... ."
few data we have about this animal, however it is known that accompanied the pharaoh into one of the most important festivals of the Egyptian ceremonial in the harvest, known also as "Min output, which in times Ramses III coincided with the anniversary of her coronation took place " during the first month of the season shemw when harvest was beginning " (summer solstice). It was a solemn procession led by the king, who was accompanied by the white bull, which adorned with a sun disk and two feathers in his horns. In this bull was considered the reincarnation of Min and was known as "bull his mother." King cut a sheaf of wheat and offered it to the bull, probably trying to promote fertility. This important festival took place from the time Tinita to Romana (2920-30 BC). When the party ended, the king and queen were placed before the god and recited hymns. In one said "Health to you, Min, you have fertilized your mother!" How mysterious is the ritual that you've done in the dark! "
Min was the god who personified the generative force of nature and reproduction of plants, animals and men. He was represented as a phallic man. It was called "Bull of his Mother ", " Kamutef " or " Great Bull." The beam was one of his attributes and therefore was also called " One who tears the raining cloud."

The Sed Festival or Royal Jubilee
The Sed festival, or Heb Sed, known as the Renewal Party Real "was the most important ceremony of the rulers of ancient Egypt. As documented in the" Palermo Stone , this ceremony was in force from the First Dynasty to the Ptolemaic period (2920 to approximately 30 BC), translated by the Greeks as " The party thirty years.
The aim of this festival was the renewal of physical strength and supernatural power of Pharaoh and was celebrated at 30 years of the rise to power of Pharaoh, but not always were held to meet such a long period of rule, as many pharaohs were not able to reign so long and celebrated after serving only three years reign. In fact, one of the last pharaohs to the place to meet the 30-year reign was Ramses II, and then every three, coming to hold a total of 14 jubilees.
purification rites included processions with the dignitaries lighting the chapels should visit the Pharaoh and presenting offerings to the gods temple holders. Among the offerings, the main one was that devoted to the Apis bull, whose chapel out the bull and was led to the sovereign. (Photo 13a)

Pharaoh and the bull Apis performed around the temple, four runs, two dedicated to the fertility of the fields and the other two as prayers for the gods to legitimize its real authority.
" was a sporting event that the king had to overcome to prove his youth and strength. I ran holding various symbols, flabellum and a roll of papyrus, considered the witness of the will of the gods that legitimacy to rule the land 2 ... "and other symbols, while it was building" a pillar ... djed as a symbol Osiride stability and shoot arrows towards the four cardinal points . (Photo 13b) The largest contributions to the knowledge of the Sed festival are found in the Saqqara complex, the Temple of Amenhotep III Soleb and in the courtyard of the festival Osorkon II at Bubastis. These parties were held on the first day of Tybi (in Greek) in the season of Peret, near the winter solstice.
Plácido González Hermoso.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
José M ª González Estéfani.-magazine "TORO"
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Fernand Comte, "The great mythological"
Linacero Cristina Delgado, "El Toro in the Mediterranean. Robert A.
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