Since antiquity, the virtues attributed to the meat of the bull, at many times touted as we shall see, were as varied as the beliefs that supported them. Some considered the properties of animal transmissible and therefore the conditions of strength, power or virility could be acquired by the person who ate the meat of this animal. Other beliefs about the potential transmission of the bull, in the case at hand, came apotropaic aspects even assign (property to divert evil influences), set in the sacrifices designed to appease the wrath of the gods.
Actually sacrificial rites were intended for the consecration of a person, animal or thing to the divine and played the lead role of worship. Ingestion of meat from slaughtered bull meant a meal shared with the gods.
In Persia, the ingestion of parts of the bull, the beneficial properties that could be transmitted, we find recorded since ancient times, according to a quote from Zoroastrian Yima censoring the god " to be the first to be fond to eat the parts of bull. " This prophet and reformer of the Aryan religion had declared outlaws the sacrifices of bulls, because of the animosity toward worship of the god Mithras. Similar
usual the meet, running time, in our king Ferdinand, who following the tradition of the sexual potential of the bull was transmissible and desirous of having a child with his second wife, Germaine de Foix, it was used frequently dishes with bull testicles in the belief of increasing their virility. One legend claimed that he died on the way to Guadalupe (died on January 23, 1516 in Madrigalejo (Cáceres), where would assist the chapter of the orders of Calatrava and Alcántara in the Monastery of Guadalupe) for binge of bull testicles, while another legend stated that he was of indigestion by drinking the blood of the bull. (3 and 4)
More recently we came across a black character, a sad reminder to mankind, using another recipe, but with a different purpose, as David Irving in "Hitler's War ", "... Hitler suffered from periods of black depression that Dr. Morell tried to fight Prostakrinum hormone injections (extract from prostate and seminal vesicles of young bulls), that supplied on alternate days . (3)
The use of attributes and the flesh of bulls were also other policy makers with
sig. The Egyptians were using an 
parts of the bull in the funeral rites to perform the ritual of " The opening of the mouth of the deceased " cited in the "Book of the Dead ", " introduced in the mouth of the corpse the adze, the instrument of Anubis or the testicles of a bull slaughtered in the belief that I returned the use of language and the creative power that has the word in the afterlife. " After dismembering the victim offered to the deceased by relatives and friends, was deposited with the mummy " the thigh and the heart of a slaughtered animal which concealed the soul of the deceased ." (1)
beneficial aspects and wonders that had flesh of bulls, were well entrenched among the inhabitants of the Nile, which used beef and beef fat as the first remedy for certain injuries, as recorded in the papyrus Ebers medical.
The curious fact that there were no tombs of Apis bulls during the earlier periods, when the textual evidence of the cult of Apis living are very old, raised certain questions. It has been assumed that they could not physically exist because the King would have eaten the bull to take over their forces. Apparently in the early dynasties theophagy practiced ritual. This hypothesis was based on a text preserved in the
Actually sacrificial rites were intended for the consecration of a person, animal or thing to the divine and played the lead role of worship. Ingestion of meat from slaughtered bull meant a meal shared with the gods.
In Persia, the ingestion of parts of the bull, the beneficial properties that could be transmitted, we find recorded since ancient times, according to a quote from Zoroastrian Yima censoring the god " to be the first to be fond to eat the parts of bull. " This prophet and reformer of the Aryan religion had declared outlaws the sacrifices of bulls, because of the animosity toward worship of the god Mithras. Similar
usual the meet, running time, in our king Ferdinand, who following the tradition of the sexual potential of the bull was transmissible and desirous of having a child with his second wife, Germaine de Foix, it was used frequently dishes with bull testicles in the belief of increasing their virility. One legend claimed that he died on the way to Guadalupe (died on January 23, 1516 in Madrigalejo (Cáceres), where would assist the chapter of the orders of Calatrava and Alcántara in the Monastery of Guadalupe) for binge of bull testicles, while another legend stated that he was of indigestion by drinking the blood of the bull. (3 and 4)
More recently we came across a black character, a sad reminder to mankind, using another recipe, but with a different purpose, as David Irving in "Hitler's War ", "... Hitler suffered from periods of black depression that Dr. Morell tried to fight Prostakrinum hormone injections (extract from prostate and seminal vesicles of young bulls), that supplied on alternate days . (3)
The use of attributes and the flesh of bulls were also other policy makers with
sig. The Egyptians were using an 
parts of the bull in the funeral rites to perform the ritual of " The opening of the mouth of the deceased " cited in the "Book of the Dead ", " introduced in the mouth of the corpse the adze, the instrument of Anubis or the testicles of a bull slaughtered in the belief that I returned the use of language and the creative power that has the word in the afterlife. " After dismembering the victim offered to the deceased by relatives and friends, was deposited with the mummy " the thigh and the heart of a slaughtered animal which concealed the soul of the deceased ." (1) beneficial aspects and wonders that had flesh of bulls, were well entrenched among the inhabitants of the Nile, which used beef and beef fat as the first remedy for certain injuries, as recorded in the papyrus Ebers medical.
The curious fact that there were no tombs of Apis bulls during the earlier periods, when the textual evidence of the cult of Apis living are very old, raised certain questions. It has been assumed that they could not physically exist because the King would have eaten the bull to take over their forces. Apparently in the early dynasties theophagy practiced ritual. This hypothesis was based on a text preserved in the
walls of the pyramids and known by the name "King Cannibal Anthem ."
According to Dr. Vázquez HOYS (20), " this passage, known as the" Cannibal Anthem ", is recorded in the first 2 pyramids that include texts: the A (or Unis, 2342-2322 BC V dynasty) and that of Teti (2322-2291 BC Dynasty VI). It is possibly one of the oldest passages of the Pyramid Texts and he described the cannibalism of the gods A:
"A is the Bull of Heaven, who conquered according to his will;
"A is the Bull of Heaven, who conquered according to his will;
living the existence of every god, who eats their entrails,
when their bodies are full of magic from the Island of Fire "
This paper describes the king seized power from the gods to eat certain parts their bodies. (2)
Another aspect of the belief in the transmission of reproductive powers the bull is found in the town of Coria Cáceres, where they have the habit of running through the streets of the city "bull San Juan " in such an important date where I had the joy and anxiety to participate when I was young . In its conclusion the boys nailed the bull countless darts or darts, called soplillos, which are adorned by brides and after being shot with arrows and exhausted
give death. Dead bull produces a real competition between the boys to tear the scrotum of the animal as a trophy and sexual fetish transcript. Whoever gets it is addressed to the bride's house to show it in the belief that in that event, ensuring the fertility of the couple. This ritual, framed in the old tradition of Extremadura "Bridal the bull," was practiced even in the times and the privileges granted by Alfonso VII (1105-1157) and is recorded, "the bull wedding" in a engraving of the Cantigas de Santa Maria, Alfonso X El Sabio (5).
in other English regions was also deeply rooted in the habit of considering the meat of bulls killed, during holy festivals, had special properties and acted as a medicine for diseases.
On the apotropaic aspect of the flesh of the bull, recounts the Father Avila Pedro de Guzman SJ in his book "Real of honest labor and idleness damage "of 1,614" Well what can I say what the common people as received, convinced that the meat of the dead bull in this holiday Santos, saved as relics are against fevers and other diseases to remedy the clouds? ". Sometimes
festivities were held holy rites and ceremonies, using a bull in pest prevention or calamity, as with the one dedicated to San Urbano, running a bull on his feast on 31 October to protect vines of frost (6).
Another aspect of the belief in the transmission of reproductive powers the bull is found in the town of Coria Cáceres, where they have the habit of running through the streets of the city "bull San Juan " in such an important date where I had the joy and anxiety to participate when I was young . In its conclusion the boys nailed the bull countless darts or darts, called soplillos, which are adorned by brides and after being shot with arrows and exhausted
give death. Dead bull produces a real competition between the boys to tear the scrotum of the animal as a trophy and sexual fetish transcript. Whoever gets it is addressed to the bride's house to show it in the belief that in that event, ensuring the fertility of the couple. This ritual, framed in the old tradition of Extremadura "Bridal the bull," was practiced even in the times and the privileges granted by Alfonso VII (1105-1157) and is recorded, "the bull wedding" in a engraving of the Cantigas de Santa Maria, Alfonso X El Sabio (5). in other English regions was also deeply rooted in the habit of considering the meat of bulls killed, during holy festivals, had special properties and acted as a medicine for diseases.
On the apotropaic aspect of the flesh of the bull, recounts the Father Avila Pedro de Guzman SJ in his book "Real of honest labor and idleness damage "of 1,614" Well what can I say what the common people as received, convinced that the meat of the dead bull in this holiday Santos, saved as relics are against fevers and other diseases to remedy the clouds? ". Sometimes
festivities were held holy rites and ceremonies, using a bull in pest prevention or calamity, as with the one dedicated to San Urbano, running a bull on his feast on 31 October to protect vines of frost (6).
A curious, framed between the rituals called "Charities " is still held today, with the same intensity since the sixteenth century, is engaged in Hiendelaencina (Guadalajara), on August 28, during the fiesta of San Agustin, where a cow is roped run by the young and carried at the end of fun, to the square of p
BLEU, which is tied to a column by the City Council and Mayor are female. Once dismembered cow meat is cooked with the famous "Soup San Agustín", which is then distributed in the churchyard, where, after being blessed and tested by the parish priest, all attendees, poor residents or visitors, the taste with some fervor, believing that ingestion of the "holy soup is good as a remedy against certain diseases.
the end of the communal feast, the mayor and the parish priest balcony overlooking the town hall and the crowd throwing the bones of the cow that " neighbors are fighting as if it were a sacred relic, which is then stored in reverence at home, and that true miracles are attributed . (7)
some link Will this ritual or reminiscence with which to make the kings of Atla
NTID, the philosopher Plato (who incidentally was a great eater of figs), in his " The Kritias ", describes the way they were the kings of Atlantis to hunt the bull, when he sacrificed to Poseidon?" ... when legal issues should seek evidence of fidelity were given as follows: Remove the bulls on the premises dedicated to Poseidon (the Heraklion) ... after pleading to God to enable them to capture the victim which seem more enjoyable, no iron weapons, hunted him with clubs and bows. Placed along the spine the bull caught and executed on its top as it was prescribed ... "On this and other festivities, as described above, is worth the comments made about the scholar and anti-bullfighting Vargas Ponce: " He shudders at the sight of humanity who stole cattle to work the simultaneous canonization of St. Ignatius and San Javier, San Isidro and Santa Teresa. Thirty runs in places where there were convents extolled the glory of this reformation of manners and she died over two hundred bulls . (6)
The high price of meat consumption were made prerogative only of the gods and wealthier classes. Fattened animals for religious use profanity or are mentioned in several passages of the Bible or the Book of the Dead and more reserved as victims of cultural value in the sacrifices. Peering
the biblical text found, with a profusion descriptive conditions to be fulfilled by animals for sacrifices offered to the Lord to be valid: "... When an offer to the Lord livestock ... the victim, to be acceptable, must be perfect, without blemish. An animal blind, lame or maimed, ulcerated, scabby scabby or not it offer to the Lord ... shall not offer unto the LORD an animal with testicles crushed and sunk, cut or torn .. .. (8)
The priests had certain privileges on the distribution of the meat of the sacrificed victims, " These are rights of priests over those who offer sacrifice an ox or a sheep will be given to the priest's leg , the jaws and the stomach. "(9)
the rennet is the ferment exists in the lining of the stomach of ruminant animals and serves to separate the casein from milk (80% of proteins) of the liquid or serum essential for the production of cheese and curds. He has always understood that the term ox was a generic term and does not refer to animal neutered as we understand it today, if not the bull or bull in full and without defects.
is interesting to see how the biblical author well qualified you are interested in leaving the privilege of priests, the sharing of meat is to the right leg and never refers to the left leg: "You will give also the priest as an offering reserved the right leg of your peace offerings . (10) In certain circumstances
prohibiting the consumption of meat from the bull if it attacked any person and caused death " If an ox gores a man or a woman, and kills him, the ox shall be stoned, and do not eat your meat ... "says the Mosaic Law (11).
A similar wording on an ox gores, already covered earlier in the Code of Hammurabi (1728-1686 BC), where you can discover that the operation protect the horns of bulls, which resembles a modern invention of English farmers, is quite old, " Article 251: If the ox of a man is brave and the advice of your district reports that he is brave, but he has not shed its antlers and has closely monitored its ox and the ox gores a man's son and killed him, half will silver mine. "(1 mine = 600 gr.)
Finally, note that the way to eat meat sacrifice was roasted or cooked in copper kettles had to these matters. Though I suppose that would not have enough vessels to carry one of the biggest rites of communion that is known, as was the one made by Solomon to consecrate the Temple of Jerusalem: "... twenty-two thousand sacrificed oxen and twenty thousand sheep in the Eucharistic sacrifice ... eating and drinking and rejoicing in the village for seven days . " That itself was a real party. (12)
The Egyptians represented them in their tombs the process of death and dismemberment of the carcasses. The legs were the most exquisite parts of the bull for them. In this regard Herodotus describes, in great detail, an Egyptian ritual where only cattle and calves were slaughtered pure and ritual similar to what was reported, with the variant that the victim was chosen by the priests who poured libations of wine and scents of the victim: 
" When they have flayed the bullock, pray and extract all the intestine, but left in the main body and viscera fat, cut the legs, buttocks, shoulders and neck. Once this is done fill the remainder of the body of the edible pure bread flour, honey, raisins, figs, frankincense, myrrh and other aromatics, and so filled, they burn up pouring lots of oil. Make the sacrifice and fasting, while burn victims, all they beat their breasts, but when they finish banging, are served in a dinner parties reserved for victims ", burning the remains of the victim offered up (13). 
The same Herodotus also informs us of the sacrificial rites of the Persians, in which victims were used preferably bull " And once, having dismembered the victim, has boiled the meat, spread on the floor the most tender grass as possible, usually clover, and she puts all the pieces of meat. And when is ready, a magician, standing beside her, sings a Theogony, which is how they call this song, for without the presence of a magician not afford to make sacrifices. Y after a brief wait, the sacrificial meat is being and what makes them good sense dictate . " (14)
Said Greek author tells us also another sacrifice made by the Scythians (
The Scythians were an ancient Indo-European people and culture of the steppes north of the Caspian Sea) as follows, "All the Scythians have established the sacrificial rite. The victim is standing, with the front legs tied, while the celebrant, located behind the animal, abruptly pulled out of the rope, dropping him and invoking the deity to offering the sacrifice. Here around the neck with a noose, slid into a pole, which goes round and he strangles her. Once the victim strangled and skinned, are preparing to cook and consume . (15)
For the Greeks, the most important parts of the flesh of the animal's back was the most preferred and was the room reserved for guests. Homer tells us, in the Odyssey, the welcome accorded by Menelaus to Telemachus "... to them with their hands on a fat loin roast beef, which had served to honor "(16).
One of the rituals of sacrifice and communal feast of the bull, is held in the city of Magnesia (Thessaly) in honor of Zeus Sesípolis for a fruitful year on crops: "In the month Heraion, the city bought the best bull, Zeus to devote to market during the month of Jove (July). On that date, with great solemnity, the response was taken to the temple in a procession led by the priest and the priestess of Artemis Leucofrine, the main deity of the city. Les was the sacrificer, and two groups of youths and virgins whose parents still vivieses. The sacrificer would say a prayer for the city and the people, for peace and for the fertility of crops and livestock. The animal chosen must give a signal of consent as a victim (kneeling, bending the head, etc..). Once he did, he stayed away until the time of slaughter, 12 Artemision (around April 6). That day another procession was formed similar to the previous. Senate members were added, officials and athletes victorious. The images of the twelve Olympian gods, dressed in their finery, should be present as guests. The sacrifice was made at the altar of Zeus Sosípolis. The meat was distributed and consumed by participants "(17).
The same Herodotus also informs us of the sacrificial rites of the Persians, in which victims were used preferably bull " And once, having dismembered the victim, has boiled the meat, spread on the floor the most tender grass as possible, usually clover, and she puts all the pieces of meat. And when is ready, a magician, standing beside her, sings a Theogony, which is how they call this song, for without the presence of a magician not afford to make sacrifices. Y after a brief wait, the sacrificial meat is being and what makes them good sense dictate . " (14)
Said Greek author tells us also another sacrifice made by the Scythians (
The Scythians were an ancient Indo-European people and culture of the steppes north of the Caspian Sea) as follows, "All the Scythians have established the sacrificial rite. The victim is standing, with the front legs tied, while the celebrant, located behind the animal, abruptly pulled out of the rope, dropping him and invoking the deity to offering the sacrifice. Here around the neck with a noose, slid into a pole, which goes round and he strangles her. Once the victim strangled and skinned, are preparing to cook and consume . (15) For the Greeks, the most important parts of the flesh of the animal's back was the most preferred and was the room reserved for guests. Homer tells us, in the Odyssey, the welcome accorded by Menelaus to Telemachus "... to them with their hands on a fat loin roast beef, which had served to honor "(16).
One of the rituals of sacrifice and communal feast of the bull, is held in the city of Magnesia (Thessaly) in honor of Zeus Sesípolis for a fruitful year on crops: "In the month Heraion, the city bought the best bull, Zeus to devote to market during the month of Jove (July). On that date, with great solemnity, the response was taken to the temple in a procession led by the priest and the priestess of Artemis Leucofrine, the main deity of the city. Les was the sacrificer, and two groups of youths and virgins whose parents still vivieses. The sacrificer would say a prayer for the city and the people, for peace and for the fertility of crops and livestock. The animal chosen must give a signal of consent as a victim (kneeling, bending the head, etc..). Once he did, he stayed away until the time of slaughter, 12 Artemision (around April 6). That day another procession was formed similar to the previous. Senate members were added, officials and athletes victorious. The images of the twelve Olympian gods, dressed in their finery, should be present as guests. The sacrifice was made at the altar of Zeus Sosípolis. The meat was distributed and consumed by participants "(17).
also in the famous festivals of" Bufoni "Athenian festivals in honor of Zeus, the meat of the sacrificed bull or bulls, should be cooked before being consumed in a ritual feast. The same happened in the famous festivals of panatenienses, who was the state festival in Athens, with processions, games and prizes and a sacrifice of animals from which meat was distributed.
In Greece currently holds a ritual sacrifice, communion general, where all attendees. Held in the town of bosses, on the island of Lesbos in the Aegean Sea.
" The party is driving an ox, all white, by the c
alles the village to the church. The bull is introduced into the interior to be killed with one blow of a machete on his neck. Separate the skin of the animal, the butchers. The pieces of meat are placed in sixteen pots, where they are cooked all night, while the crowd was entertained with songs and dances. On the morning of Sunday, after the pots have been blessed, share small portions of meat among the many attendees . " As a curious note that when they conquered the Greek island blew up a bull to Poseidon throwing from the top of the cliffs. (7) 
In Crete, in the celebrations in which young people jumped on a bull, which was celebrated with occasion of religious holidays, the bull's death did not occur in public but at the end of the celebration and its meat was distributed among the attendees.
In France processions were famous "Gordo Ox," which was held in Paris at the Carnival, but the best known was the "Corpus Ox" of Marseille, which led a bull through the streets of City, richly decorated with ribbons and garlands. In the course of the bull by the city, women approached him and made the children kiss the bull. The next day the bull was slaughtered and an author of the XVII century account quoted by Baron, that this ritual was known in the XIV and that " uneducated people rushed to get this ox meat, a person killed the day after the feast of God "(18).
Celts also used large pots to be assigned magical properties, as recounted in the myth of the" Branch of The Mabinogi "which gives the relation of the betrothal gifts Branwen , of which the most valuable is a magic cauldron, made in Ireland, which returned life to the dead warriors and was known as "the cauldron resurrection."
bull myths are important in early Irish literature. The Tarbhfhess was a divination ritual which involved the sacrifice of a bull and was chaired by the Druids. "Meat and a bull stock were consumed by a man who then slept and dreamed of the rightful king who was to be elected . (19)
Plácido González Hermoso
BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) - Albert Champdor .- "The Egyptian Book of the Dead"
(2) - Angel Alvarez de Miranda .- "Rites and Toro games."
(3) - Urban Esteban Pellón .- "The bull solar
(4) - Fernando Sanchez Drago," Volapié, Bulls and Tauromagia "
(5)-Fco. Flores Rill, "The bull in ancient times", and Juan Posada, Athena Weekly.
(6) - Luis del Campo .- "The church and the bulls"
(7) - Francisco Flores Rill, "Running the bulls in Spain"
(8) - Lev. 22, 21-25,
(9) - Deut 18, 3-4.
(10)-Lev.7, 32-33).
(11)-Ex.21, 28-29.
(12)-I Kings, 8, 62-66.
(13)-.- Herodotus' Histories, vol. II, 40
(14) .- History-Herodotus, vol. I, 132
(15)-Herodotus .- Stories, Vol. IV, 60)
(16)-The Odyssey, IV .-
Rhapsody (17), Cristina Delgado Linacero .- "The bull in the Mediterranean" page.
292 (18), Julio Caro Baroja, "Rites and myths misunderstandings"
(19) -Miranda Jane Green .- "Celtic Myths"
(20)-Ana Maria Vazquez HOYS .- The cannibal hymn (Statements 273 and 274)
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