By Dr. D . Juan Barceló Jiménez, Doctor of Philology Before entering the field and try to unravel the possible significance of these ancient stone carvings of Celtic culture, Veton, let me bring here some quotes from literature, by way of exordium, have demonstrated its presence in the literature.
By chance, or rather the whim of the anonymous author (probably already discovered that their identity !!?), first adventure and the first bump on the head suffered by the hapless rogue and Lazarillo de Tormes, in the hands of the wicked blind, was precisely against a granite bull: "We left Salamanca Lazarus says - and reaching the bridge, is at the entrance of her stone animal that looks something like a bull, and the blind man told me to go near the animal, and I was there he said:
-Lazaro, this bull's ear and hear a great noise inside him.
I just arrived, thinking he craves. And when he felt my head near the statue, said his fist and she gave me a great blow against the devil of a bull, which more than three days I felt the pain in the butt, and said unto me, Thou fool, learn that the blind man's servant must know a point more than the devil. And he laughed a lot of fun " (1).
“ Turín.- ¡Ha visto vuesa merced en aquel pradillo ameno
a los toros de Guisando?
Otón.- ¡Huélgome dello!
Pues yo los desjarreté
y al de piedra, que está puesto
en Salamanca, en la puente
de un revés rapé los nervios.
Así están sin pies ahora .”
También, Federico García Lorca hace uso de ellos en “ La Sangre Derramada ”, de la elegía “ Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías ”, para magnificar la dimensión del dolor por la muerte del ídolo:
" Cow
old world
passed her sad tongue over a snout of blood spilled on the sand
. And bulls
Guisando
partly death and partly stone, bellowed like two centuries
,
tired of treading the earth.
NO.
will not see it! "
not want to spend long overdue and the commemoration of the 4 th anniversary of the publication of Don Quixote, without referring to this work of Cervantes and specifically the episode in which the knight of Forests on D. Quixote (Part 2 ª, chapter XIV) the task given to him his beloved Casildea of \u200b\u200bVandalia: "... Time was also sent to me weight were to take the ancient stones of the brave bulls Guisando; company more to be entrusted to porters than to knights. .. "and seems to be, as recounted below the great imagination of that gentleman that" ... Guisando bulls weighed ...". Egad, the vigor!. (2)
addition to literary quotes outlined, let me refer them to an historic pact held near the village of El Avila tremble, whose firm was selling the call Tablada, known as Juradera sale or sale of the Bulls "(located in the vicinity of that town and destroyed in the XVII century by order of the monks of the monastery), known as "stewed or Pact Concordia Guisando Bulls." In this pact, concluded on September 18, 1468, between the King of Castile Henry IV of Trastámara, nicknamed " The Impotent " (nickname that the people won to learn that was not consummated his first marriage to Ms. Blanca II of Navarra, in 1440 and be divorced in 1453), and his sister Isabella, in which the treaty is named Princess of Asturias and heir to the throne of Castile. Implicit
that firm was recognized, tacitly, the illegitimacy of Juana, nicknamed "the Beltraneja " daughter " Official "of this king and his second wife doña Juana de Portugal (marriage performed in 1455), although, as" vox populi , paternity was attributed to D. Beltran de la Cueva, Butler and valid, or private, of Henry IV.
Three years earlier, this agreement is formalized, there was the " Farce of Avila, which shows the confrontation and hostility they had with the king's most noble" ... the June 5, 1465 nobles had raised a scaffold outside the walls of Avila, where they had placed a dummy with all the attributes royal, crown, scepter and sword. It was a comic representation of King Henry. And thus declaring their rebellion, the major heads of the League came into this farce to go stripping the regal attributes doll. The first to enter that game was the insolent archbishop of Toledo, Alonso Carrillo, who snatched the doll's crown, and then the Marquis de Villena snatched the scepter, the Count of Plasencia the sword, and finally other nobles, including Wall-Count, now in turmoil, threw the doll on the floor, trampling viciously. "(7)
The historical importance of this agreement referred to our Nobel Prize for Literature, Camilo José Cela, to say: " Without meeting Guisando Bulls, Spain had not been Spain."
bulls or boars?. Here is the eternal disquisition raised some scholars, when dealing on these Celtic zoomorphic sculptures. Were used by the people Veton and spread throughout the central west of the Iberian Peninsula, north of the Tagus river, whose catchment area covering the provinces of Cáceres, Toledo, Avila, Salamanca, Segovia, Zamora
and adjacent land Lusitanian between the rivers Tajo and Duero. The widespread use of the word "boar " led to the confusion of many, although Actually more than fifty-three percent of the 280 sculptures indexed and which have reached us, are bulls, the rest have a pig or boar.
have been considered many theories about its origin and meaning, its symbolism and cultic use etc., But to date they are made fully agree on the matter. The truth is that these sculptures zoomorphic vetones have named specific terminology is known as "the boars Culture."
As an example, I have here some thesis or opinions, more or less authoritative in this respect, we can illustrate this point. Father L.
Ariz, the Benedictine convent of Santa Maria de la Antigua de Avila, said in his "History of the greatness Avila ", published in the s. XVII, "... The most famous and celebrated bulls of Spain are the Guisando, near the Monastery of St. Hieronymus ... (third order, erected in 1375 by Fray Pedro Fernández Pecha (6)) Along with the sale of the said Monastery, are put five stones, figures of bulls. Three signs are translated goes thus: "Consulier Caecilius Metellus."
As a result, the Benedictine sees several possible applications: "Perhaps was more broad use, he says, and could be associated with shrines, springs, bridges, etc., on an essentially religious and votive, like the classic interests. "(4)
mythological, wrapped in a kind of mysterious mysterious mist, only four remain today and appear aligned and oriented their heads facing to the west, at the same spot where the sun sets in the month of December, and to the Mount of Guisando, which take their name.
Like all events, wrapped in some kind of intriguing enigma, are not free of assumptions, speculations or conjectures of the people degenerate, or generate, in some legends that help to enlarge the mystery that surrounds them.
Among the many I've encountered, not only by curiosity but also by the author's profession, I am pleased to transcribe a few stories that D. Mariétegui Edward, Colonel of Engineers, included in his work "Antiquities of Spain " published in "Art in Spain ", vol. 4, Madrid 1886.
In this work we reproduced the claims of some authors, such as " Amelta Diego Rodriguez in his" Collection of pitched battles, a work completed in 1481, says in describing the battle and 22 of its second part: " that after the young Scipio returned to Rome, and after his death, the English rebelled against the Romans, which is why Spain sent a captain named Guise, having fought against the English in the land of Toledo, and about Cadhalso place called, and when they had expired, made for a memorial of this victory, four stone statues in his time, whom they called Guisando. "
In the commentary he does Mariétegui, this Roman author who ascribes Amelta, says: " No need to stop to refute such a view, as to note that the name is turning Guisando goda, could hardly be a Roman captain. "
then offers what it says on this subject, a Bachelor of Juan Alonso Franco, apparently famous sixteenth-century antiquary, " As one, by its sign, is known to be dedicated to victory Caesar over Pompey's sons, and the site where it was this is Andalusia, as he himself says that there is a field where Bastetano, and as stated that it is dedicated to giving the Bastetano other, and know that this country and this people were in Andalusia, so many have imagined that these bulls were made and were first in the province, and later a Moorish king, to show their power, large copy machines and people of Spain put in, and placed where are, being among others of this view Rasis, history made in Andalusia, and D. Lorenzo de Padilla, Archdeacon of Round curious.
later gives us a tip that a certain Ambrosio de Morales, put a note in his own handwriting that " the Bulls are so brave stones, which is a joke to think that they moved as there are so many leagues from there to Andalusia, and more for no reason" , and also tells us Nebrija Don says: "... as there were people Bastetano in Andalusia, the was also in Spain Citerior, and that they should discuss these bulls." 
also cites that Orosius (383-420, priest, historian and theologian Hispano de Braga, Portugal, is said to be able to collaborate with St. Augustine in The City of God "), in his book 6, chapter XIV, says that: "... war and Pompeian army, did not end until Cesoni legacy of Caesar, defeated not far from Lusitania, and that he must speak the last bull ..."
then signs Orosius relates that, according to him, were recorded in bulls:
1 º Caecillo-Metella-Consulier-H.victori.
2 º exercitus victor-hostibusfusis
3 º Longinus-Prisco-Caesonio-fc
4 º Lucio Portio-ob provinciam-optime administratam-Bastetania po-puli-fc
5 º Bellum Caesari et patrie mag-na ex parte con-fectum est-s et Gu. Magni-Pompey Basste Phillies-hic-tanorum in agro-profigatis.
.bmp)
Obviously
Colonel Mariétegui doubts that the inscriptions had been recorded in the bulls, since they do not have any feature of having had any type of engraving. Only preserved, so inaccurate and incomplete, a legend in the third bull says
LONG. PRISCO
INVS. CAIA. TSI
: PATRI. F.
C.
also referred to in s. XVI, there were some boards waxed, the Prior of the monastery cell and that apparently no one ever saw, they said contained the original records in the five bulls. 
Finally informs us of another monument, which instead has no way of boar and bull, from Durango, Vizcaya and now in the Historical Museum Bilbao: "... called on the country Miquéldico without registration or any letter, but with a disk between your feet." (6) It can be assumed that the disk is between the feet , boar, with some symbolism should relacionársele of sun.
Manuel Gómez Moreno, in " monumental catalog of the province of Ávila " rejects the idea that terminal or vials were milestones that would have served as landmarks bounding territories and grazing pastures on the basis that: ".. . Hallárseles is usual in or around the cities and deserts pre-Roman origin ...". On the other hand believes that could be used " as offerings to the gods and funerary monuments, or associated with you with a religious and votive to springs ..."( 4)
known precisely in the Cerro de los Santos (Montealegre, Albacete), were found among many young bulls votive stone, two of which were found over a pot of cineraria, as an example of funerary uses. 
Juan Cabre believe in magical, religious significance related to the protection and fertility in cattle. Josefina
Mateos, referring to the "Bulls Guisando " that the data on s.II or BC, believed that due to its location in a "discharge Place thunderstorms, you might consider high telluric force or energy of the land area. These sites were used by primitive peoples to connect with their gods, people who worshiped the forces of nature. Due to the energy of the place would be suitable site to connect with the divinity, a place of worship or sacred center, the four bulls could well indicate that there existed in the past a temple dedicated to Lord Taurus, the primitive peoples worship the forces nature, with the bull an animal possessing great strength, nobility and virility that revered and celebrated as is shown along history. "(8)
This same author gives us another" history "from the book of Pedro Medina" the grandeur and memorable things of Spain "(1548) and Miguel de Asua and Fields " Guisando The Bulls and the Convent of Jeronimos :" According to the manuscript Pliny mentions how when Pompey conquered by Julius Caesar at Pharsalia, he fled to Egypt where he was slain by Ptolemy, and that the great army he heads the sons of Pompey was waste in a great battle in the province tube and Field Bastetano Callatio, in the place where Bulls are the stone under the Convento de Guise added that Pompey wounded, hid in a cave that is on the Guisando Monastery, where he was killed supposing that to commemorate the victory lifted some columns at the site of the battle , and attributes the erection of two of them to a gentleman named Longinus, assumed that these two quotes, plus two there are immediate Guisando Bulls. (8) 
García Bellido and other vetones boars believed served as guardians defending livestock from evil influences.
José María Blázquez, consistent with Alvarez de Miranda, are considered "manifestations of the cult bull" when he said: " The sacredness of cattle were also tested for the presence of the sculptures, called" boars "," in tune with what it claimed Diodorus Siculus (first century BC) on the cult of the bull in Hispania, which read: "... in Iberia bulls are sacred animals . (5)
Fernando Fernandez in" Avila, ancient history "Volume I, believes that " can not rule out the possibility that they are genuine images of worship ", based on the examples of Castelar Portuguese fort, where a boar placed in the center of a circular enclosure of 3 m. in diameter, or small boars hill fort of Santa Lucia. It also means Guisando Bulls as possible manifestations of a cult zoolátrico where animals were worshiped as the tutelary gods. (4)
Guadalupe López Monteagudo completes its work " Celtic zoomorphic sculptures of the Iberian Peninsula" , stating that: " ... formal and external features of the zoomorphic sculptures known as boars, it is clear eminently religious character. "(3) 
reference to its origin and age, this same author says: "... origin would have to look at the features of Indo-European peoples who came from the Balkan Peninsula became mixed with the Celts and persisted with the romanization. The chronology would cover a period between the end of s. Century BC until the II-III AD . (3)
Transcribed
the views of some experts say only that " or remove, or put ..." just point out that these impressive sculptures zoomorphic Celtic-vetones, still wrapped in a mystique, demonstrate is the root of a feeling tauro-idol ancestral bull in our skin, thus confirming that in Spain the bull was worshiped (or even give up ...?) since time immemorial.
Plácido González Hermoso.
BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) .- Anonymous?. "El Lazarillo de Tormes." Chapter One.
(2) .- Miguel de Cervantes, "Don Quijote de la Mancha" .- Part II, Chapter XIV.
(3) .- Guadalupe López Monteagudo, "Celtic zoomorphic sculptures of the Iberian Peninsula."
(4) .- Mariano Martínez Serna, "Water and Boars" Diario de Ávila, Sunday October 12, 2003.
(5) .- José María Blázquez: "Worship the bull and worship at Mars in Lusitania."
(6) .- Eduardo de Mariétegui, Colonel of Engineers, "Antiquities of Spain", published in "Art in Spain", vol. 4, Madrid 1886.
(7) .- Manuel Fernandez Alvarez. "Isabella." Espasa - Forum 2003. Page 79.
(8) .- Josefina Mateos, "The enigma of Guisando Bulls."
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