To complete the trilogy on the use of physical parts of the bull throughout history-on the flesh and blood of this animal as discussed in previous chapters, can 
serve as a closure, the use and the use made of the skin and antlers of the bull.
As in the preceding chapters, the stories referred to, the data provided, reviewed rituals, customs narrated represent only a fraction of the documentary that history has bequeathed us about it, besides all that vicissitudes of history and the mists of time took no trace.
Similar to the treatment of flesh and blood, skin and horns of the bull was given plenty of uses of all types ranging from money issues, burial or military, maritime applications, warriors, clothing , household, etc., all due to the strength and quality of the skin, and was thus preferred material feedstock and desired today.
say that the first use that primitive man gave the bull's skin was like a dress to cover her and protect themselves from severe cold he endured in those from remote glacial Paleolithic, is so obvious that does not require Pronatura. Later with the passage of time spent in the light of ethnology, the use of pure physical need modest and lavish use or sexual complaint. But it already belongs to another discipline.
serve as a closure, the use and the use made of the skin and antlers of the bull. As in the preceding chapters, the stories referred to, the data provided, reviewed rituals, customs narrated represent only a fraction of the documentary that history has bequeathed us about it, besides all that vicissitudes of history and the mists of time took no trace.
Similar to the treatment of flesh and blood, skin and horns of the bull was given plenty of uses of all types ranging from money issues, burial or military, maritime applications, warriors, clothing , household, etc., all due to the strength and quality of the skin, and was thus preferred material feedstock and desired today.
say that the first use that primitive man gave the bull's skin was like a dress to cover her and protect themselves from severe cold he endured in those from remote glacial Paleolithic, is so obvious that does not require Pronatura. Later with the passage of time spent in the light of ethnology, the use of pure physical need modest and lavish use or sexual complaint. But it already belongs to another discipline.
The use of fur in antiquity, and the bull in particular, is found and witnessed in the cave paintings of our peninsula, as a camouflage to better approach the animals to hunt and to collect the piece more easily and with less risk. also ritual dances practiced by primitive man, were associated with fertility rites and certain religious practices. In each group of Neolithic tribal, wizards were decorated, in rituals practiced with a hollow head and a wild bull bull skin including the tail, and is likely to be those who made the paintings, since they are supposed associated with ritual magic.
the beginning of Genesis relates the passage in which God before Adam and Eve expelled from paradise, " made them tunics of skins and clothed (Gén.3, 21). The Bible does not mention the type of skin used to it, but it would be too risky to assume that the bull was, given that this animal was the favorite sacrificial victim to the Lord.
Although many of the sacrifices the victim's skin, including the bull, was burned outside the sacred enclosure, according to the different rituals, it is also true that the Mosaic law provided that " The priest shall offer a burnt skin of the victim who has offered ..."( Lev. 7.8)
No doubt the divinity is always reserved the best offerings. The sacred objects were made with the finest materials, as was the case for the construction of the temples sacred drum, whose sound was gathered with the faithful to the liturgy, which was made from the skin of a bull, whose instrument was dedicated to the god Sumerian En-lil or the Babylonian Marduk. In the general belief that the drum was said reproduced the bellowing voice of God and the sound produced by this instrument was known as "bull music."
Before the sacrifice of the bull, to use your skin in the preparation of the sacred drum, the priest pronounced a chant in the bull's ear, as a friendly greeting:
" Great Bull, sublime, pure grass you walk on ,
that litter the countryside and you've plenty,
to cultivate grains and to fill the fields ...".( 1)
The trade of tanner was a common and necessary profession in all societies of antiquity, however, the first and only date found in the Bible is already in later times, particularly in the Acts of the Apostles, in recounting the episode in which Peter is raised in Joppa to "... a disciple named Tabitha, meaning Gazelle (Hch.9, 36), and completed the miraculous event: "... Peter stayed many days in Joppa stay at the house of Simon the Tanner (Hch.9, 43)," ... whose house is by the sea (Hch.10, 6). The port of Joppa, near what is now Tel Aviv, the wood came from Lebanon to build the Temple of Jerusalem in the days of Solomon. Today is normally the name Unified Tel-Aviv-Jaffa. Precisely
skin of a bull spread was the original form used in the fab
ricación those ingots of gold, about 8.5 grams or copper or bronze, of 25-30 kg ( later known as " Cypriot ingots), which were in circulation since the eighteenth century BC to the emergence of the coin in the seventh century BC and were the first known coins that circulated throughout the Mediterranean, where he began to call them talents . In Homer's time, talent of gold was equivalent to an ox, and there are two systems of value, the exchange of cattle and talent of gold.
The first bars were considered as a symbol of wealth and social status and were delivered as a reward or gift from the powerful and demanded as taxes, tribute or booty of war. The skin itself was claimed as a tax issue to the subject peoples, as cited by the historian Diodorus Siculus (late first century BC), who asserts that the people of Numancia and Termancia (the current population of Liceras Montejo, Soria) were taxed at Pompey ( 106-48 BC), 3,000 ox hides, among other products.
geographer Strabo (58 BC - 25 AD) in addition to comparing the Iberian peninsula with an extended bull hide, we are aware of the burgeoning fur trade that kept the inhabitants of the Cantabrian and return Duero salt, pottery and bronze objects at the beginning of our era.
The price of fur, like any other product in the business, was a matter governed by different legal regulations in different countries in ancient times, as with the laws Hittites (ca. 1300 BC), which in its Art # 185 stated: " price: an vineyards IKU is 1 silver mine - leather a well-raised beef is a shekel of silver (8-10 oz.). - 5 suckling cattle hides is 1 shekel of silver - 10 goat leather silver mine is 1 - 10 young sheep skins is 1 shekel of silver - 4 goatskin is 1 shekel of silver - 15 is sheared goat fur 1 shekel Silver - 20 sheepskins is 1 shekel of silver - 20 fur kid is 1 shekel of silver. Whoever buys the meat of 2 well-bred oxen pay a sheep. "
Among the many bronze ingots have come down to us, it is worth noting the Serra from Llixi (Nugarus, Sardinia Nuoro), dating to the s. XI-X BC (fig.)
could also include a push-shaped skin of a bull spread, the famous treasure of " The Carambolo " found in Seville, considered by some as "a treasure worth of Argantonio "(The first Iberian king Tartessos to 550 BC). The same has been classified between VIII and III centuries BC and is believed that these decorations were carried by one person, maybe a man in a sumptuous ritual, or perhaps belonged to a statue ritual regalia, possibly a bull. note is the recent finding of an Iberian shrine of the fifth century BC, found in Lorca (Murcia), with a "Cyprus-ingot bull hide " reminiscent Punic, similar to those found in Andalusia and Extremadura.
With the arrival of the coins minted under the reign of Croesus (560-546 BC), the currency took a big boom to the various releases of coins minted. His first staters (14 grams) showed the image represented two opposing heads of lion and bull.
Another way of using the skin of a bull was in the making of parchment, but most were made of goat or sheep skin. In Rome scrolls skins of sheep or goat, cut into rectangles that were sewn together to form a roll, similar to those used by the Egyptians, even the finest leather were golde @ and were intended to deluxe editions and were in use from s. Precisely
BC luxury had to be the first book of the Avesta (the sacred book of the Vedas of Persia), attributed to Zarathustra (700-630 BC), which were written in "twelve thousand skins bull" and was Alexander the Great, in 331 a. C., who ordered the burning, when reduced to ashes the city of Persepolis. This "bible " of Zoroastrianism was reconstructed from memory to the s. III or IV AD
In Mesopotamia used for river transport rafts of wood and canes arranged on a bullock skins swollen skin or using a wooden boat rounded and covered with skin of this animal.
interesting was the trick used by the troops of Alexander crossed the Tigris and Euphrates 
skin mounted on beef s Hinch 
townhouse air. Also used full skin skins air for fishing and diving, breathing air at intervals within, thereby achieving longer dives and increase fish catch. Also in Spain primitive stitched leather used boats, sailing the northern and Lusitano, according to the account of Strabo.
The skin of the bull was used for the manufacture of bottles for liquid storage, which were used by Egyptians, Hebrews, Mesopotamians, Greeks, Romans, and until recently, in our peninsula, to transport wine.
was curious about the use of skins, recounted by Homer in the Odyssey, which were given to Odysseus by King of Eolia (Eolo hypothesis) when he left the floating island of Eolia, " Diome then enclosed in the hide of an ox was nine years before being skinned, the murmurs of the roaring winds, as the son of Kronos Tell them they made referee, with power to quiet and excite the I wanted. And those skins tied in the hollow ship with shining silver thread, so it does not come out even the slightest blow, sending me to a zephyr, blowing, and we take our craft them. "
Diodorus of Sicily (known as Diodorus Siculus, 90-5 BC) relates a curious ploy used by the Assyrian Queen Semiramis in his campaign against India (apparently this is a story fictitious, as the character). When he saw the number of elephants that had was inferior to those of India, devised make shapes of these animals with the skin of three hundred thousand black oxen, which later filled with grass.
The bull's hide shields were also commonly used by ancient armies. Were covered with fur and veal, as seen in those carrying a group of wooden soldiers, recovered from an Egyptian tomb of the XII Dynasty (1991-1783 BC) or those
c ontemplan in a cool Thera , Santorini, Greece (500 BC). Again
Homer describes the shield used by the Achaeans, lined with several layers of cowhide or ox, as the leader of Ajax that was made with seven layers. Also the Greco-Roman breastplates were of the same material were placed on them by way of protection plates bronze or iron. Like Mesopotamians also used the skin on their helmets, shields and saddles.
The leather crafts in Egypt dates back to the Old Kingdom, which were used in making sandals, porta-manuscripts, helmets, shields and leather quivers, saddles, bridles, reins, etc., Generally were in common use among all peoples of antiquity. All these objects were embossed with a profusion and stylish designs, to the point that had wide fame among neighboring countries. We must not forget either the Egyptian beds oxhide, whose mattresses are made with woven leather straps and in particular those of folding beds, like those found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, discovered by Howard Carter, who found at the bottom of a chest from the tomb two pairs of sandals
s leather and a couple of those found, was decorated with gold
leather sandals were already known in the early days of ancient Egypt. In the Archaic Kingdom tombs were found " models" of sandals being the Pharaohs who wore sandals most sumptuous, with the tip toward the upper enhanced and they represented artistically captured enemies on the bottom, so the king magically trampled or crushed every time I took a step. Among the objects
Ramses II (1301-1231 BC) provided his people are told the following: "To you I tanks filled with all sorts of things: bread, meat, cakes, sandals, clothing, ointments abundant so that you can rub his head every 10 days and match all year, and at all times good fit dispongáis
do. " 
skin mounted on beef s Hinch 
townhouse air. Also used full skin skins air for fishing and diving, breathing air at intervals within, thereby achieving longer dives and increase fish catch. Also in Spain primitive stitched leather used boats, sailing the northern and Lusitano, according to the account of Strabo. The skin of the bull was used for the manufacture of bottles for liquid storage, which were used by Egyptians, Hebrews, Mesopotamians, Greeks, Romans, and until recently, in our peninsula, to transport wine.
was curious about the use of skins, recounted by Homer in the Odyssey, which were given to Odysseus by King of Eolia (Eolo hypothesis) when he left the floating island of Eolia, " Diome then enclosed in the hide of an ox was nine years before being skinned, the murmurs of the roaring winds, as the son of Kronos Tell them they made referee, with power to quiet and excite the I wanted. And those skins tied in the hollow ship with shining silver thread, so it does not come out even the slightest blow, sending me to a zephyr, blowing, and we take our craft them. "
Diodorus of Sicily (known as Diodorus Siculus, 90-5 BC) relates a curious ploy used by the Assyrian Queen Semiramis in his campaign against India (apparently this is a story fictitious, as the character). When he saw the number of elephants that had was inferior to those of India, devised make shapes of these animals with the skin of three hundred thousand black oxen, which later filled with grass.
The bull's hide shields were also commonly used by ancient armies. Were covered with fur and veal, as seen in those carrying a group of wooden soldiers, recovered from an Egyptian tomb of the XII Dynasty (1991-1783 BC) or those
c ontemplan in a cool Thera , Santorini, Greece (500 BC). Again Homer describes the shield used by the Achaeans, lined with several layers of cowhide or ox, as the leader of Ajax that was made with seven layers. Also the Greco-Roman breastplates were of the same material were placed on them by way of protection plates bronze or iron. Like Mesopotamians also used the skin on their helmets, shields and saddles.
The leather crafts in Egypt dates back to the Old Kingdom, which were used in making sandals, porta-manuscripts, helmets, shields and leather quivers, saddles, bridles, reins, etc., Generally were in common use among all peoples of antiquity. All these objects were embossed with a profusion and stylish designs, to the point that had wide fame among neighboring countries. We must not forget either the Egyptian beds oxhide, whose mattresses are made with woven leather straps and in particular those of folding beds, like those found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, discovered by Howard Carter, who found at the bottom of a chest from the tomb two pairs of sandals
s leather and a couple of those found, was decorated with gold leather sandals were already known in the early days of ancient Egypt. In the Archaic Kingdom tombs were found " models" of sandals being the Pharaohs who wore sandals most sumptuous, with the tip toward the upper enhanced and they represented artistically captured enemies on the bottom, so the king magically trampled or crushed every time I took a step. Among the objects
Ramses II (1301-1231 BC) provided his people are told the following: "To you I tanks filled with all sorts of things: bread, meat, cakes, sandals, clothing, ointments abundant so that you can rub his head every 10 days and match all year, and at all times good fit dispongáis
do. " In general, the Egyptians almost always walked barefoot, we had sandals in the hands or hanging from a stick and just put them on when they arrived at their destination. Narmer Pharaoh himself (3050 BC aprx.) Walked barefoot escorted by his servants, one of whom held the position of " carrier Pharaoh sandals." which carries the shoes tied to his left wrist and a pitcher or jug \u200b\u200bin his right hand. Precisely
Pharaoh had its own tannery workshops, as reflected in an inscription from a coffin found in the necropolis of Giza and belonging to an officer named Uta: " The head of the royal sandals tanneries, which are devoted to all matters related to sandals King, to the satisfaction of his master, Uta. The director of the harness-maker of boxes of records of the king, a keeper of the secrets that did things according to the wishes of his master in the work of the saddlers, Uta. " Another
uses which the Egyptians gave to the skin of the bull was to celebrate the ritual called " passage through the skin" who did the pharaohs and priests to rejuvenate. This ritual was known as " Heb Sed," or the rejuvenation of power, which previously came from a personal servant to wash the feet of Pharaoh before putting the sandals rituals.
The poet Hesiod (c. s.VIII BC), in "Works and day," recommends a type of leather for making shoes, "... around tight shoes fit your feet ox died violently ...". It seems quite understandable that statement of Hesiod that the violent death of an animal of strength to the skin.
Again we find in the Bible alluding to curious facts about sandals. In the "levirate law ", which stated that if a man dies childless, his brother must cohabit with his sister and the child will be born the son of his dead brother. But if he refuses to comply with the law: "... his sister will come to him, in the presence of elders, take off a foot sandal and spit in the face ... and your house will be called in Israel the home of Sinsandalias. "(Dt.25: 10)
is interesting to see how the deals were made in Israel at the time of the Moabite Ruth (twelfth century BC, Ruth means" companion "), which was the great-grandmother of King David: " was the custom in Israel, in case of purchase or exchange, to validate the contract, taking off his sandal and give one another. This test served Israel. "(Rut. 4.7)
Another way to use skins were the historical funeral among Nilotic peoples. Before the advent of the Egyptian bull Apis, the ritual beheading of the divine bull, the skin was used as a vehicle for revitalization of the deceased wrapped in it. Anti precisely to God (in charge of monitoring the solar boat navigation), was represented as a black bull's skin subject to a mast or a cowhide. Under the funerary aspect related to the deceased is the old cow skins in which the dead were buried, establishing a symbolic parallel between the skin Taurica and resurrection of the deceased in the afterlife.
Also among the Shilluk (tribe of Sudan) after the act of regicide sacrum King buried a virgin living with his side and when the two bodies rotted, their bones were placed on the skin of a bull. Similar ritual practiced in Zimbabwe, where the first wife of King should strangle with the tendon of the leg of a bull, the body was wrapped in fresh skin of a black bull with a white mark on his forehead.
Many more examples could be cited, too numerous to recount, since the use of the skin of cattle for various uses is as wide as human ingenuity.
As with the skin, using the horns of the bull for the manufacture of many objects have similar age as that.
Among the uses of the bull horn, it is clear that he was given in the biblical world, using it as OINTMENT ritual and served to contain the holy oils to anoint with, among others, the kings of the early dynasties Israel. The biblical text itself we realize, in countless passages, the use of horns adorning the altars of Israel, which besides being yoked with the blood of sacrificial victims, had the power to protect people that they are received, as happened to Adonijah, son of King David and Solomon's brother, who, after having proclaimed king without the consent of his father, sick and elderly I ordered it unciese as king of Israel and Judah to Solomon, fearing that his brother was eliminated, took refuge in the temple: "... Adonijah feared because of Solomon, got up and went to the tabernacle of the Lord to cling to the horns of altar. " This fact was communicated to Solomon: "... Adonijah feareth king Solomon and gone to grab the horns of the altar, saying, Let King Solomon swear to me today that he will not die by the sword to his servant ." (1 Kings 1, 50-52)
primitive traditions in all the horns involve ideas of strength and power. With them were decorated prehistoric fur headdresses and the helmets of war to the Middle Ages. The horns came into decorative and ornamental composition of Asian temples and along with bucráneos (because it remains sacrificial), were considered sacred value. Precisely at the junction of the first body with the second tower of the Cathedral of Murcia, there are four b
ucráneos per side, 16 in total, as decorative elements reminiscent sacrificial.
As an element of ornamentation are also widely known representations corneas at the top of palaces and temples, as stated in the Cretan palace of Knossos temple, where the presence of a large "horns of consecration "Demonstrated a clear religious significance.
Pharaoh had its own tannery workshops, as reflected in an inscription from a coffin found in the necropolis of Giza and belonging to an officer named Uta: " The head of the royal sandals tanneries, which are devoted to all matters related to sandals King, to the satisfaction of his master, Uta. The director of the harness-maker of boxes of records of the king, a keeper of the secrets that did things according to the wishes of his master in the work of the saddlers, Uta. " Another
uses which the Egyptians gave to the skin of the bull was to celebrate the ritual called " passage through the skin" who did the pharaohs and priests to rejuvenate. This ritual was known as " Heb Sed," or the rejuvenation of power, which previously came from a personal servant to wash the feet of Pharaoh before putting the sandals rituals.
The poet Hesiod (c. s.VIII BC), in "Works and day," recommends a type of leather for making shoes, "... around tight shoes fit your feet ox died violently ...". It seems quite understandable that statement of Hesiod that the violent death of an animal of strength to the skin.
Again we find in the Bible alluding to curious facts about sandals. In the "levirate law ", which stated that if a man dies childless, his brother must cohabit with his sister and the child will be born the son of his dead brother. But if he refuses to comply with the law: "... his sister will come to him, in the presence of elders, take off a foot sandal and spit in the face ... and your house will be called in Israel the home of Sinsandalias. "(Dt.25: 10)
is interesting to see how the deals were made in Israel at the time of the Moabite Ruth (twelfth century BC, Ruth means" companion "), which was the great-grandmother of King David: " was the custom in Israel, in case of purchase or exchange, to validate the contract, taking off his sandal and give one another. This test served Israel. "(Rut. 4.7)
Another way to use skins were the historical funeral among Nilotic peoples. Before the advent of the Egyptian bull Apis, the ritual beheading of the divine bull, the skin was used as a vehicle for revitalization of the deceased wrapped in it. Anti precisely to God (in charge of monitoring the solar boat navigation), was represented as a black bull's skin subject to a mast or a cowhide. Under the funerary aspect related to the deceased is the old cow skins in which the dead were buried, establishing a symbolic parallel between the skin Taurica and resurrection of the deceased in the afterlife.
Also among the Shilluk (tribe of Sudan) after the act of regicide sacrum King buried a virgin living with his side and when the two bodies rotted, their bones were placed on the skin of a bull. Similar ritual practiced in Zimbabwe, where the first wife of King should strangle with the tendon of the leg of a bull, the body was wrapped in fresh skin of a black bull with a white mark on his forehead.
Many more examples could be cited, too numerous to recount, since the use of the skin of cattle for various uses is as wide as human ingenuity.
As with the skin, using the horns of the bull for the manufacture of many objects have similar age as that.
Among the uses of the bull horn, it is clear that he was given in the biblical world, using it as OINTMENT ritual and served to contain the holy oils to anoint with, among others, the kings of the early dynasties Israel. The biblical text itself we realize, in countless passages, the use of horns adorning the altars of Israel, which besides being yoked with the blood of sacrificial victims, had the power to protect people that they are received, as happened to Adonijah, son of King David and Solomon's brother, who, after having proclaimed king without the consent of his father, sick and elderly I ordered it unciese as king of Israel and Judah to Solomon, fearing that his brother was eliminated, took refuge in the temple: "... Adonijah feared because of Solomon, got up and went to the tabernacle of the Lord to cling to the horns of altar. " This fact was communicated to Solomon: "... Adonijah feareth king Solomon and gone to grab the horns of the altar, saying, Let King Solomon swear to me today that he will not die by the sword to his servant ." (1 Kings 1, 50-52)
primitive traditions in all the horns involve ideas of strength and power. With them were decorated prehistoric fur headdresses and the helmets of war to the Middle Ages. The horns came into decorative and ornamental composition of Asian temples and along with bucráneos (because it remains sacrificial), were considered sacred value. Precisely at the junction of the first body with the second tower of the Cathedral of Murcia, there are four b
ucráneos per side, 16 in total, as decorative elements reminiscent sacrificial. As an element of ornamentation are also widely known representations corneas at the top of palaces and temples, as stated in the Cretan palace of Knossos temple, where the presence of a large "horns of consecration "Demonstrated a clear religious significance.
same is happening in Coptic (Egypt), in the Pharaonic era, where the temple dedicated to the Egyptian fertility god Min, was surmounted by a pair of huge antlers taur 
ins, in clear reference to the association of God with the bull. Bull on this relationship with the gods see the article "Bulls mythological II" on this blog.
In the Gilgamesh Epic gives us a curious account in which the hero, after killing the Celestial Bull, brought together artisans from Uruk to admire the bull's horns and then decorate them. "... Artisans measured the thickness of the two horns: their mass, each of thirty lapis lazuli mines (about 15 kg each horn), the width of the lining was the thickness of two fingers and six oil guru content them (about 1500 liters), Gilgamesch offered the two horns to his god, Lugalbanda, as vessels of anointing took them and hung in his chamber princely. " Known
tiaras were also the Babylonian, which were fringed with several pairs of horns, symbolizing the divine nature and which crowned the real heads and winged bulls known to
Syrians.
ins, in clear reference to the association of God with the bull. Bull on this relationship with the gods see the article "Bulls mythological II" on this blog. In the Gilgamesh Epic gives us a curious account in which the hero, after killing the Celestial Bull, brought together artisans from Uruk to admire the bull's horns and then decorate them. "... Artisans measured the thickness of the two horns: their mass, each of thirty lapis lazuli mines (about 15 kg each horn), the width of the lining was the thickness of two fingers and six oil guru content them (about 1500 liters), Gilgamesch offered the two horns to his god, Lugalbanda, as vessels of anointing took them and hung in his chamber princely. " Known
tiaras were also the Babylonian, which were fringed with several pairs of horns, symbolizing the divine nature and which crowned the real heads and winged bulls known to
Syrians. The Celts used represent the three-horned bulls fitted, in the belief that increased and the symbolism of the horn, denoting aggressiveness and fertility, through the sacred power of number three.
Another magical significance of antlers we are told in the dream of the geese and the hawk of Penelope in the Odyssey, which saw their dreams dream dreams that came through the door of ivory were misleading, while those from constructed gate " polished horn, announcing things that really be verified." The same text
great epic tells us where they rob and kill the companions of Odysseus, devouring the monster Scylla, after "throwing the Ponto the horn of an ox." Another curious use
was the Romans who gave the horn that he was employed as a medical tool to feed the sick, using a funnel.
In the theater or ritual, it was common to use masks with prominent horns, like the use of rhytons shaped heads of bulls, as the well-known Cretan rhytons or head of a bull with golden horns Villajoyosa, Alicante etc. Representations of divinities carrying slender antlers were frequent in the Egyptian world, such as Hathor, Isis, or the same Ptah. In the Greek world god Dionysus and the Roman Mars presented them in this manner.
The musical use of the bull horn was widespread in Mesopotamia music and other peoples around the Mediterranean. In a fresco from the palace of Mari, is a man who wields a horn as a musical instrument, which dates from the eighteenth century BC, to name a few.
Roman armies known musicians available cornicines bucinatores and whose instruments were made from horns of oxen or buffaloes, some of which were adorned with silver in their mouths.
Many armies of antiquity and not just Vikings used the horns on the helmets of the warriors, which gave them a more aggressive air. Even many warriors would flags crowned with prominent antlers.
Domestic uses given to the cow's horn have been numerous and range from the pastoral oilers, the horns and whetstone holders for different uses, the making of combs and combs, and countless objects of adornment, as its ductility makes it easy to any process.
Plácido González Hermoso
REFERENCES 1 .- Federico Lara Peinado, "Sumerian Hymns." 2 .-
Linacero Cristina Delgado, "El Toro in the Mediterranean." 3 .-
Diodorus Siculus, "Biblioteca historica" \u200b\u200b
4 .- Strabo, "Geography."
5 .- Homer's "Odyssey." 6 .- F.
LL. Cardona, "African Myths and Legends."
7 .- Federico Lara Peinado, "Gilgamesh."
Another magical significance of antlers we are told in the dream of the geese and the hawk of Penelope in the Odyssey, which saw their dreams dream dreams that came through the door of ivory were misleading, while those from constructed gate " polished horn, announcing things that really be verified." The same text
great epic tells us where they rob and kill the companions of Odysseus, devouring the monster Scylla, after "throwing the Ponto the horn of an ox." Another curious use
was the Romans who gave the horn that he was employed as a medical tool to feed the sick, using a funnel.
In the theater or ritual, it was common to use masks with prominent horns, like the use of rhytons shaped heads of bulls, as the well-known Cretan rhytons or head of a bull with golden horns Villajoyosa, Alicante etc. Representations of divinities carrying slender antlers were frequent in the Egyptian world, such as Hathor, Isis, or the same Ptah. In the Greek world god Dionysus and the Roman Mars presented them in this manner.
The musical use of the bull horn was widespread in Mesopotamia music and other peoples around the Mediterranean. In a fresco from the palace of Mari, is a man who wields a horn as a musical instrument, which dates from the eighteenth century BC, to name a few.
Roman armies known musicians available cornicines bucinatores and whose instruments were made from horns of oxen or buffaloes, some of which were adorned with silver in their mouths.
Many armies of antiquity and not just Vikings used the horns on the helmets of the warriors, which gave them a more aggressive air. Even many warriors would flags crowned with prominent antlers. Domestic uses given to the cow's horn have been numerous and range from the pastoral oilers, the horns and whetstone holders for different uses, the making of combs and combs, and countless objects of adornment, as its ductility makes it easy to any process.
Plácido González Hermoso
REFERENCES 1 .- Federico Lara Peinado, "Sumerian Hymns." 2 .-
Linacero Cristina Delgado, "El Toro in the Mediterranean." 3 .-
Diodorus Siculus, "Biblioteca historica" \u200b\u200b
4 .- Strabo, "Geography."
5 .- Homer's "Odyssey." 6 .- F.
LL. Cardona, "African Myths and Legends."
7 .- Federico Lara Peinado, "Gilgamesh."
