FOREWORD CERTIFYING
Dedication:
To my wife, and put up.
To my children, for putting up.
And three, for the love that I never missed.
Continuing the thread of mythological ball exposed in the previous article, it should discuss what Unamuno makes us think about those remote times, and therefore can say that I do not know if it was in the Upper Paleolithic cave or in the early Neolithic , the source of conception as a form of bullfighting entertainment or recreational tragic struggle, obviously, it was refined over several millennia. But not walking the troubadour Basque misguided in saying what he had magical rite of passage and the tragic way that had not come into contact with the bull man, and even more true worship to be dispensed to the animal totem from the dawn of humanity, to end in one of the most refined artistic expression and ethereal of our time: the bullfight. Ortega y Gasset
asserted in his dissertation " Bulls Game and " that: "... can not understand well the history of Spain from 1650 until today, who not been constructed with strict construction history of bullfighting, in the strict sense, not the Fiestas de Toros, which more or less vaguely in the Peninsula have existed for three millennia . " That phrase
yes, of deep meaning, contains a latent reality where bullfights are matched with the history of Spain in just over three centuries. I do not intend to do, here and now, a journey to build rigor that other English social history, it is not my intention to deviate towards sociology, whose discipline does not dominate, but rather the report, as detailed as possible, collections data on the bull in the mythology, ie, those parties bulls over three millennia, or know what time these taurolatrías back, or belief in which the bull was at least pontificate.
why my aim to capture in a few sheets so that the myth of the bull have known, is motivated by curiosity aroused in me the second paragraph of Ortega on the existence of the feasts of bulls in the Iberian Peninsula for three millennia. Vaguely trying to check if there were bullfights in such distant dates, identified as such, takes us back, if we consider that this statement was delivered to 1,950, nothing more and nothing less than the year 1050 BC approximately when only 30 years had founded the city of Cadiz, the Phoenician Gadir. Enter
peer into the millennium party that taurine Taurica we could find, to document if possible so that the assertion was a renowned philosopher, is to enter a permanent volcano successive cultural explosions, which proliferated and flooded coastal countries or close to the "Mare Nostrum ", where avatars social, cultural, religious and historical were happening at breakneck speed and therefore, a task fraught with endless difficulties of the attempt to make an extremely difficult road . Another reason
justify the purpose of exploring the world of bullfighting, as early on and where humanity would meet "too culture" expression of a scholar-fan and best friend, Dr. Salas Moreno, when asked his opinion on such an undertaking, is given by the encyclicals condemning the bullfight promulgated by the popes during the XVI century onwards. They condemned and tried to prohibit such parties with various arguments, even "threaten excommunication " who participate in them and even " were denied Christian burial " those who die by bull horn in a those diversions pagan ancestor.
same can be found in the famous games of King Alfonso X the Wise (1221-1284), the regulation in Title VII, Act 5: " Of the children that the parent can disinherit ." They came to authorize parents to disinherit their children, considering them infamous, for remuneration or stipend bullfighting. In Part I, Title V, Act LVII, bishops were forbidden to attend the bullrings, having to do the church "non accrued yr to see games, ... So then as aboriginal women, or scape, or deal with the bulls, or other wild beasts r nin to see that deal ", and in case of infringements go" off-limits from office by three years "(1).
on church involvement in" bull run , see my article "Cures Toreros ", forthcoming. More
Alfonso X was not the first to establish certain restrictions and so I find that Alfonso the Battler (1104-1134) in the off-Tudela of 1,122, 293 points available in punishment for "those who ultimately carried cow, ox or torus bundle, and maliciously make phlox or looseness, damage or ridicule determining . (2)
Shortly after and to avoid the evils and dangers that could be exposed people in the villages where the bulls were running, we decided to carry them out in places or fenced enclosures, in order to have maximum guarantees of security, as we can see what happened at particular sites. An example of this is reflected in the Charter of Zamora, 1276 which says: "We argue that nenguno non is daring to run wild bull cow nen Enno body of the town, non in that place that was as they say Sancta Altana, a close there rather than leave a fazer non danno. E is for adventure out, kill for Fagan non danno. "(2 )
The" games bulls "were listed by many moralists and theologians as arising from the "ludi " Romans, and even compared with games and circus performances and was therefore something profane and reprehensible from a Christian perspective.
However, the common people thought that by a vote of the class, you could even mollify the Divine, as in the council of Roa in 1374, preserved among the manuscripts of the Monastery of Silos, " A 4 January 1374 birth year forced the council Roa ( by a plague that God had spared ) facemos et pledge vow to God ... to give and pay in each anno i forever thousand five hundred coppers Desta usual currency, FACEN ten money that the farthing. E to pay ... all knights, squires, ladies and maidens, fijosdalgo, lay, clergy, Indian Moors i Desta said town. E desto i said thousand four hundred coppers bulls are purchased and are calendar and given by God's love, the two bulls on the day of Corpore Christi. E fagamos these bulls to envergoñados i cooked the poor ... i came bread ... "(3)
However, the common people thought that by a vote of the class, you could even mollify the Divine, as in the council of Roa in 1374, preserved among the manuscripts of the Monastery of Silos, " A 4 January 1374 birth year forced the council Roa ( by a plague that God had spared ) facemos et pledge vow to God ... to give and pay in each anno i forever thousand five hundred coppers Desta usual currency, FACEN ten money that the farthing. E to pay ... all knights, squires, ladies and maidens, fijosdalgo, lay, clergy, Indian Moors i Desta said town. E desto i said thousand four hundred coppers bulls are purchased and are calendar and given by God's love, the two bulls on the day of Corpore Christi. E fagamos these bulls to envergoñados i cooked the poor ... i came bread ... "(3)
The mishaps that occurred in those celebrations sprawl" running bulls "were so frequent that, undoubtedly, produced a concern in the general populace and the Local and national authorities themselves. So in 1555 the Courts Valladolid are directed to the king saying, " otrosí say, that experience has been understood that, with bulls running in these realms, it gives rise to many die in great danger of their salvation, or other problems occur worthy of remedy. We beseech your Majesty to provide is sent hereafter do not run, but instead of these parties, entering military exercises in which your Majesty's subjects become more skilled at serve him. " They sought to ban
parties "running bulls " could produce, so rooted in folk customs, some rejection, hostility or antipathy to nobility that led to ponder the matter in the real decision. Because it answered the monarch, Charles V (1516-1556), "... regarding damage to the bulls that are made, the magistrates and justices provide and prevent so that it is excused as soon as you can, and as the running of the bulls said, this is a very ancient and general custom in these our kingdoms, and it will be necessary to remove more look at it for now and so they should not be doing anything . " (3)
parties "running bulls " could produce, so rooted in folk customs, some rejection, hostility or antipathy to nobility that led to ponder the matter in the real decision. Because it answered the monarch, Charles V (1516-1556), "... regarding damage to the bulls that are made, the magistrates and justices provide and prevent so that it is excused as soon as you can, and as the running of the bulls said, this is a very ancient and general custom in these our kingdoms, and it will be necessary to remove more look at it for now and so they should not be doing anything . " (3)
no intention to be more exhaustive, it will continue with more examples abound in this introductory part, although later we will refer to it further. However say that the obstacles and prohibitions of the Bourbons illustrated could do nothing against one of the more concerned and deeply rooted customs, along so many centuries, the English people. Causes
unknowns is still causing, at first unexplained, it is necessary to find out all you can about this myth Tauric. The analogy is made on the bullfighting with solar, the swastika or the arcana of number three, where the sun and shade, three thirds of the fight, life and death, drama and tragedy are always present, are sufficient to provoke the curiosity of anyone who "wants explained its origin, its development, its future, and spring forces that have engendered and sustained ...", the words of Ortega.
These three issues, as the number arcane, arcane as the thirds of the deals, the three matadors with his three banderilleros or three strikes and so on., The party leading the bulls for sacrifice of the totem and thus implies mysteries helium-religious reminiscent ancestral taurica, which could be the cause or origin of those prohibitions Papal and others mentioned above, and therefore to the ancestral origins of the myth of the bull, are causing more than enough to stimulate any concerns about disclosing mystery.
A final motivation for the translation of these data in some pages, not only to take stock of knowledge that may have acquired, after reading dozens of books on the subject, or claim to receive some praise with which to feed one's vanity, always present in the human being, but rather by a kind of self confidence because failure to do so, I am sure that in the short distance before long, my memory would not, perhaps, the generosity of reversal, when requested to do so , that fact, that story, story or passage from the mass of information that I have been patiently delivered.
So if we agree with what Brelich Angelo said, referring to certain scientific disciplines investigating the origins of phenomena and tries to explain, says :"... Myth explains nothing, merely telling "(4). Therefore, what I present below is limited only to tell what the myths have known, within different cultures or religions that I have dared and have been lucky enough to wander and enjoy reading on this trip and legends. To further
somehow a kind of order, I intend to report following a route known as geography, although subsequent follow historical chronology between the accounts of some areas and others, and rather we stop in each geographical area learn about avatars in which he was involved, cultural or worship, our "bos primigenium ." Therefore
and heeding D. Miguel de Unamuno, start from the cavernous stage, if only briefly, and then do some real way from the first organized societies of mankind, settled in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it appears and as the Bible was the earthly paradise. Leaving the idyllic Eden, with no avenging angel, read Kerubino (the Sumerian Kerub), expel or punish us, we head to the Persian Zoroastrian and Vedic, to proceed to the mythical and mystical India, and do a little dabbling in the mysterious China or the islands of Indonesia. From there, crossing the Indian Ocean, or Sea Eritrean, know some habits of Madagascar, where we will visit and tour the world's longest river, Father Nile, where we will reveal the treatment given to the bull between the Nilotic cultures and the land of gods, pharaohs and pyramids. Once
toured the country of the pharaohs, we infiltrated among the people of the Jewish Exodus up to the "Promised Land " to learn about the people of Israel. Climb through the course of the Jordan and through Tyre and Sidon and following the course of the Orontes, named "River Music" by the Arabs, we discover the land of purple, a name with which the country was known to the Phoenicians. From this nation of Sidon (Phoenicia), follow the caravan route through Ebla and Aleppo to introduce us to the legendary kingdoms of Assyria and Mitanni, on the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates. Cross the Taurus Mountains, modern subdivided into Taurus Mountains and mountains of Antitauro, known to Turks as " the range of a hundred bulls " warrior people visit the Hittite, Anatolia, where we take the ship, after peaceful voyage I hope, bring us closer to the mythical Crete, where women played the bull.
That and following the current Mycenaean, arrive in the educated Greece, the cradle of Western mythology, from which, through the Roman Empire, moor the ship in our beloved Tartessian and Iberia, which quietly and read all the influences and loans cultural left us the people who visited us for so many centuries we invaded and dominated.
Enough said then that no more claims that to gather and regroup the numerous data on the myth of the bull I have known, what without the prior expressed aspiration that, I can only ask for leniency to those who can read these pages, and passing through high analysis on the structure, composition and narrative quality of the chapters that follow. I apologize for the imperfections that may be, simplicity or poverty of the concerns expressed, the monotony or heaviness that can produce reading, despite my intention, yes I have tried, has not been that.
unknowns is still causing, at first unexplained, it is necessary to find out all you can about this myth Tauric. The analogy is made on the bullfighting with solar, the swastika or the arcana of number three, where the sun and shade, three thirds of the fight, life and death, drama and tragedy are always present, are sufficient to provoke the curiosity of anyone who "wants explained its origin, its development, its future, and spring forces that have engendered and sustained ...", the words of Ortega.
These three issues, as the number arcane, arcane as the thirds of the deals, the three matadors with his three banderilleros or three strikes and so on., The party leading the bulls for sacrifice of the totem and thus implies mysteries helium-religious reminiscent ancestral taurica, which could be the cause or origin of those prohibitions Papal and others mentioned above, and therefore to the ancestral origins of the myth of the bull, are causing more than enough to stimulate any concerns about disclosing mystery.
A final motivation for the translation of these data in some pages, not only to take stock of knowledge that may have acquired, after reading dozens of books on the subject, or claim to receive some praise with which to feed one's vanity, always present in the human being, but rather by a kind of self confidence because failure to do so, I am sure that in the short distance before long, my memory would not, perhaps, the generosity of reversal, when requested to do so , that fact, that story, story or passage from the mass of information that I have been patiently delivered.
So if we agree with what Brelich Angelo said, referring to certain scientific disciplines investigating the origins of phenomena and tries to explain, says :"... Myth explains nothing, merely telling "(4). Therefore, what I present below is limited only to tell what the myths have known, within different cultures or religions that I have dared and have been lucky enough to wander and enjoy reading on this trip and legends. To further
somehow a kind of order, I intend to report following a route known as geography, although subsequent follow historical chronology between the accounts of some areas and others, and rather we stop in each geographical area learn about avatars in which he was involved, cultural or worship, our "bos primigenium ." Therefore
and heeding D. Miguel de Unamuno, start from the cavernous stage, if only briefly, and then do some real way from the first organized societies of mankind, settled in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it appears and as the Bible was the earthly paradise. Leaving the idyllic Eden, with no avenging angel, read Kerubino (the Sumerian Kerub), expel or punish us, we head to the Persian Zoroastrian and Vedic, to proceed to the mythical and mystical India, and do a little dabbling in the mysterious China or the islands of Indonesia. From there, crossing the Indian Ocean, or Sea Eritrean, know some habits of Madagascar, where we will visit and tour the world's longest river, Father Nile, where we will reveal the treatment given to the bull between the Nilotic cultures and the land of gods, pharaohs and pyramids. Once
toured the country of the pharaohs, we infiltrated among the people of the Jewish Exodus up to the "Promised Land " to learn about the people of Israel. Climb through the course of the Jordan and through Tyre and Sidon and following the course of the Orontes, named "River Music" by the Arabs, we discover the land of purple, a name with which the country was known to the Phoenicians. From this nation of Sidon (Phoenicia), follow the caravan route through Ebla and Aleppo to introduce us to the legendary kingdoms of Assyria and Mitanni, on the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates. Cross the Taurus Mountains, modern subdivided into Taurus Mountains and mountains of Antitauro, known to Turks as " the range of a hundred bulls " warrior people visit the Hittite, Anatolia, where we take the ship, after peaceful voyage I hope, bring us closer to the mythical Crete, where women played the bull.
That and following the current Mycenaean, arrive in the educated Greece, the cradle of Western mythology, from which, through the Roman Empire, moor the ship in our beloved Tartessian and Iberia, which quietly and read all the influences and loans cultural left us the people who visited us for so many centuries we invaded and dominated.
Enough said then that no more claims that to gather and regroup the numerous data on the myth of the bull I have known, what without the prior expressed aspiration that, I can only ask for leniency to those who can read these pages, and passing through high analysis on the structure, composition and narrative quality of the chapters that follow. I apologize for the imperfections that may be, simplicity or poverty of the concerns expressed, the monotony or heaviness that can produce reading, despite my intention, yes I have tried, has not been that.
BEAUTIFUL PLACIDO GONZALEZ
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
(1) .- Julio Caro Baroja, "the summer Holiday"
(2) .- Luis del Campo: "The Church and Toros "
(3) .- Father J. Pereda Jesuit .- "The bulls before the church and moral"
(4) .- Brelich Angelo, "The Old Religion", vol.I.-Ed. century
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